Changes

{{Taxobox

{{Taxobox

|name              =''Dermanyssus gallinae''

|name              =''Dermanyssus gallinae''

|species            =''D.gallinae''

|species            =''D.gallinae''

}}  

}}  

==Introduction==

==Introduction==

[[Image:Dermanyssus.jpg|thumb|right|250px]] [[Image:Gallinae.jpg|thumb|right|250px]]  

[[Image:Dermanyssus.jpg|thumb|right|250px]] [[Image:Gallinae.jpg|thumb|right|250px]]  

''D. gallinae'' are superficially similar to spider mites. They are generally '''white or greyish in colour, becoming darker or redder''' when engorged with blood after feeding. They have few hairs on their body and have hooks on their long legs.  

 

 

''D. gallinae'' are spider like mites. They are '''white or grey in colour and become red''' when engorged with blood after feeding. They have few hairs on their body and have hooks on their long legs.  

''D. gallinae'' is considered one of the most '''serious pests''' of poultry.

''D. gallinae'' are considered one of the most '''serious pests''' of poultry<ref name="Chauve">Chauve, C., 1998. '''The poultry red mite ''Dermanyssus gallinae'' (De Geer, 1778): current situation and future prospects for control.''' ''Veterinary Parasitology'' 79: 239-245</ref>. Mites affect hens both directly and indirectly, where they may serve as vectors for diseases such as [[Salmonellosis]] and [[Borrelia anserina|avian spirochaetosis]]<ref name="Valiente">Valiente Moro, C., De Luna, C.J., Tod, A., Guy, J.H., Sparagano, O.A.E., Zenner, L., 2009a. '''The poultry red mite (''Dermanyssus gallinae''): a potential vector of pathogenic agents. In: Sparagano, O.A.E. (Ed.), Control of poultry mites (Dermanyssus).''' ''Exp. Appl. Acarol''. 48, 93-104.</ref>  . ''D. gallinae'' may also feed from livestock although the relationship between ''D. gallinae'' and mammalian hosts is stll poorly understood.  

It may also act as a vector for diseases such as [[Salmonellosis]] and [[Borrelia anserina|avian spirochaetosis]] and others in mammalian livestock although this is still poorly understood.

''D. gallinae'' can also be '''zoonotic''', causing dermatitis and skin lesions in people.

''D. gallinae'' may also feed upon humans, causing dermatitis and skin lesions in people.<ref name="Cafiero">Cafiero, M.A., Camarda, A., Circella, E., Santagada, G., Schino, G., Lomuto, M., 2008. '''Pseudoscabies caused by ''Dermanyssus gallinae'' in Italian city dwellers: a new setting for an ld dermatitis.''' ''J Eur Acad Dermatl Venereol'' 22: 1382-1383.</ref>

==Distribution==

==Distribution==

Europe, USA and most of Northern Hemisphere

Japan, Australia, Brazil, and most of Northern Hemisphere including Europe and the USA.

==Signalment==

==Signalment==

The primary host is the chicken but a range of domestic and wild birds can be infected<ref> Moss, W. W (1978) '''The mite genus Dermanyssus: a survey, with description of Dermanyssus trochilinis, n. sp. and a revised key to the species (Acari: Mesostigmata: Dermanyssisdae)'''. J Med Entomology 14:627-640</ref>. The mites can also affect mammals and people<ref>Hoffman, G (1987) '''Vogelmilben als Lästlinge Krankenheitsserzeuger und Vektoren bei Mensch und Nutztier.''' Deutsche Tierärztliche Woschenschrift, 95:7-10.</ref>, usually those close to bird accommodation and infections are usually transient, presenting only when inadequate avian hosts are available.

Though '''poultry''' (specifically laying eggs) are the primary host of ''D. gallinae'', a range of domestic and wild birds can be infested<ref> Moss, W. W (1978) '''The mite genus Dermanyssus: a survey, with description of ''Dermanyssus trochilinis'', n. sp. and a revised key to the species (Acari: Mesostigmata: Dermanyssisdae)'''. ''J Med Entomology'' 14:627-640</ref>. The mites can also affect mammals and people<ref name="Cafiero"/>, particularly where cohabitation with bird species occurs. Infestations of this nature are usually transient, presenting only when preferred avian hosts become unavailable (e.g. when young birds vacate nests in loft spaces).

Chicks and young birds are more susceptible.

Chicks and young birds are more susceptible.

==Life Cycle==

==Life Cycle==

''D. gallinae'' progresses through '''5 life stages''': egg, larva, protonymph, deutonymph and adult<ref>Maurer, V., Baumgärtner, J (1992). '''Temperature influence on life table statistics of the chicken mite Dermanyssus gallinae (Acari: Dermanyssidae)'''. Experimental & Applied Acarology, 15(1):27-40; 19.</ref>.

''D. gallinae'' progresses through '''5 life stages''': egg, larva, protonymph, deutonymph and adult<ref>Maurer, V., Baumgärtner, J (1992). '''Temperature influence on life table statistics of the chicken mite ''Dermanyssus gallinae'' (Acari: Dermanyssidae)'''. ''Experimental & Applied Acarology'', 15(1):27-40; 19.</ref>. All stages except larvae require a bloodmeal in order to progress to the next stage.<ref>Collins, D. S., Cawthorne, R. J. G (1976) '''Mites in poultry houses'''. ''Agric Northern Ireland,'' 51:24-26</ref>

 

Each stage except the larval requires a bloodmeal in order to transform to the next.<ref>Collins, D. S., Cawthorne, R. J. G (1976) '''Mites in poultry houses'''. Agric Northern Ireland, 51:24-26</ref>

Development takes around '''1 week''' in total in optimal conditions. Adults spend most of their time away from the host and can survive several months without feeding. Most bloodfeeding occurs at night.

Development may take '''less than a week''' under optimal conditions<ref name="Maurer">Maurer, V. & Baumgärtner, J., 1992. '''Temperature influence on life table statistics of the chicken mite ''Dermanyssus gallinae'' (Acari: Dermanyssidae)'''. ''Experimental and Applied Acarology'' 15: 27-40.</ref> . Adults spend most of their time away from the host and can survive several months without feeding.<ref name="Axtell">Axtell, R.C., 1999. '''Poultry integrated pest management; status and future.''' ''Integrated Pest Management Reviews'' 4: 53-73.</ref>  Most bloodfeeding occurs at night, with mites seeking refuge in cracks and crevices during daylight hours.

==Clinical Signs==

==Clinical Signs==

''Dermanyssus gallinae'' are '''blood sucking mites''', causing lesions usually found on the breast and legs. Their presence can cause '''pain,  irritation, restlessness and a decrease in egg production'''. Pustules, scales, scabs, hyperpigmentation and feather loss may develop locally. If secondary infection occurs,  lesions may also exhibit a foul odour.

''Dermanyssus gallinae'' are '''blood sucking mites''', causing lesions usually found on the breast and legs of hens. For their hosts, feeding can cause '''pain,  irritation, restlessness and a decrease in egg production'''<ref name="Chauve"/>. Pustules, scales, scabs, hyperpigmentation and feather loss may develop locally. If secondary infection occurs,  lesions may also exhibit a foul odour.

If they are present in large numbers, they can cause '''[[Anaemia|anaemia]]''' with consequent pallor, weakness and lethargy. Pallor may be especially pronounced in the comb and wattle.

If they are present in large numbers, ''D. gallinae'' can cause '''[[Anaemia|anaemia]]''' in hens with consequent pallor, weakness and lethargy. Pallor may be especially pronounced in the comb and wattle.

Newly hatched chicks can rapidly die if infested.  

Newly hatched chicks can rapidly die if infested.  

==Diagnosis==

==Diagnosis==

Diagnosis is usually based on '''history''' of decreasing egg production, anaemia, mortalities in young or ill birds and the finding of mites on birds (often solely at night) or in the buildings.  

Diagnosis in flocks of laying hens is usually based on a '''history''' of decreasing egg production, anaemia, mortalities in young or ill birds and/or direct observation of mites either on birds or in refugia present in their vicinity (e.g. nest boxes, perches, etc.).  

Reddish-black drops of mite faeces may be seen on eggs.  

'''Blood-spotting''' (reddish-black drops of squashed mites and/or mite faeces) of eggs may be used to diagnose ''D. gallinae'' infestation.  

Mites can also be attracted to corrugated cardboard traps and thus identified.

Finally, '''specially-designed traps''' made from corrugated cardboard traps can be used to monitor premises for ''D. gallinae''.

==Treatment==

==Treatment==

Treatment of mites depends upon [[Ectoparasiticides|ectoparasiticides]], applied directly to hens or to the buildings between flock cycles. Many compounds are effective, but '''food hygiene regulations and withdrawal periods''' should be considered when selecting a treatment. It is advisable to alternate the compound used in order to minimise resistance, which is already emerging.

Treatment of mites depends primarily upon [[Ectoparasiticides|ectoparasiticides]], applied directly to hens or poultry units, often between flock cycles. Many compounds are effective, but '''food hygiene regulations and withdrawal periods''' should be considered when selecting a treatment. It is advisable to alternate the compound used in order to minimise resistance, which is already emerging.

It should be noted that Ivermectin does not work against ''D. gallinae''.

It should be noted that Ivermectin does not work against ''D. gallinae''.

==Control==

==Control==

Control is also via environmental and bird applied [[Ectoparasiticides|ectoparasiticides]].

In addition to curative treatment with [[Ectoparasiticides|ectoparasiticides]], several preventative measures are recommended to control ''D. gallinae'' infestations. These include use of '''Hazard Analysis - Biological Control'''<ref name="Mul">Mul, M.F. & Koenraadt, C.J.M., 2009. '''Preventing introduction and spread of ''Dermanyssus gallinae'' in poultry facilities using the HACCP method.''' ''Experimental and Applied Acarology'' 48: 167-181</ref><ref name="Lesna">Lesna, I., Wolfs, P., Faraji, F., Roy, L., Komdeur, J & Sabelis, M.W., 2009. '''Candidate predators for biological control of the poultry red mite ''Dermanyssus gallinae''.''' ''Experimental and Applied Acarology'' 48: 63-80.</ref> agents and '''improved premise design''' <ref name="Mul1">Mul, M., van Niekerk, T., Chirico, J., Maurer, V., Kilpinen, O., Sparagano, O., Thind, B., Zoons, J., Moore, D., Bell, B., Gjevre, A.-G., Chauve, C., 2009. '''Control methods for ''Dermanyssus gallinae'' in systems for laying hens: results of an international seminar'''. ''World’s Poultry Science Journal'' 65: 589-600.</ref>.

 

{{Learning

{{Learning

|literature search=  

|literature search= [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?rowId=1&options1=AND&q1=%22Dermanyssus+gallinae%22&occuring1=title&rowId=2&options2=AND&q2=&occuring2=freetext&rowId=3&options3=AND&q3=&occuring3=freetext&x=39&y=10&publishedstart=yyyy&publishedend=yyyy&calendarInput=yyyy-mm-dd&la=any&it=any&show=all ''Dermanyssus gallinae'' publications]

<br> Use these links to find recent scientific publications via CAB Abstracts (log in required unless accessing from a subscribing organisation). <br> [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?rowId=1&options1=AND&q1=%22Dermanyssus+gallinae%22&occuring1=title&rowId=2&options2=AND&q2=&occuring2=freetext&rowId=3&options3=AND&q3=&occuring3=freetext&x=39&y=10&publishedstart=yyyy&publishedend=yyyy&calendarInput=yyyy-mm-dd&la=any&it=any&show=all ''Dermanyssus gallinae'' publications]

|flashcards= [[Dermanyssus gallinae Flashcards|''Dermanyssus gallinae'' Flashcards]]

|flashcards = [[Mites Flashcards]]

 

[[Mites Flashcards]]

|Vetstream = [https://www.vetstream.com/canis/search?s=mite Mites]

}}

}}

==References==

==References==

<references/>

<references/>

Animal Health & Production Compendium, '''Dermanyssus gallinae datasheet''', accessed 21/06/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/

 

|datasheet = [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=85725&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160 ''Dermanyssus gallinae'']

 

 

[[Category:Non-Burrowing_Mites]] [[Category:Avian Parasites]]

[[Category:Non-Burrowing_Mites]] [[Category:Avian Parasites]]