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| − | == Lungworm == | + | {{OpenPagesTop}} |
| − | === ''DICTYOCAULUS ARNFIELDI'' === | + | {{Taxobox |
| | + | |name =''Dictyocaulus arnfieldi |
| | + | |kingdom = |
| | + | |phylum = |
| | + | |class =[[:Category:Nematodes|Nematoda]] |
| | + | |sub-class = |
| | + | |order = |
| | + | |super-family =[[Trichostrongyloidea]] |
| | + | |family = |
| | + | |sub-family = |
| | + | |genus =Dictyocaulus |
| | + | |species ='''''D. arnfieldi''''' |
| | + | }} |
| | [[Image:Dictyocaulus arnfieldi.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Dictyocaulus arnfieldi'' from horse faeces - Joaquim Castellà Veterinary Parasitology Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona]] | | [[Image:Dictyocaulus arnfieldi.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Dictyocaulus arnfieldi'' from horse faeces - Joaquim Castellà Veterinary Parasitology Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona]] |
| − | ==== General ====
| + | Also known as: '''''Equine lungworm |
| − | *Lungworm of equidae; adult worms found in smaller bronchi. Frequently incriminated as the cause of a chronic cough.
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| | | | |
| − | ==== Morphology and Life-Cycle ==== | + | ==Hosts== |
| − | *Similar to lungworm in cattle, except:
| + | Donkeys, and occasionally horses. |
| − | **embryonated eggs (80-100µm) passed in fresh faeces; and
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| − | **prepatent period = 12weeks.
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| | | | |
| − | ==== Epidemiology ==== | + | ==Identification== |
| − | *Main source of infection = donkeys (remain infected for years) - contaminate horse pasture.
| + | ''D. arnfieldi'' are of the superfamily [[Trichostrongyloidea]]. Adults are slender, thread-like and white. Females are larger than males at around 6.5cm in length. The males have a small non-lobulated bursa. |
| − | *Infection can cycle in horses.
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| | | | |
| | + | The embryonated eggs are 80-100µm in length. |
| | | | |
| − | {| style="width:75%; height:200px" border="1"
| + | ==Life Cycle== |
| | + | The lifecycle is not greatly known, but it is currently thought to be similar to that of ''[[Dictyocaulus viviparus]]''. |
| | | | |
| − | !
| + | The prepatent period is 2-3 months. |
| − | !'''Horses'''
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| − | !'''[[Lungworm - Donkey|Donkeys]]'''
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| | | | |
| − | |- | + | {{Learning |
| − | |'''Prevalence''' | + | |flashcards = [[Horse_Nematode_Flashcards|Horse Nematode Flashcards]] |
| − | |10-20% | + | |literature search =[http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?rowId=1&options1=AND&q1=%22Dictyocaulus+arnfieldi%22&occuring1=title&rowId=2&options2=AND&q2=&occuring2=freetext&rowId=3&options3=AND&q3=&occuring3=freetext&x=42&y=10&publishedstart=yyyy&publishedend=yyyy&calendarInput=yyyy-mm-dd&la=any&it=any&show=all ''Dictyocaulus arnfieldi'' publications] |
| − | |75%
| + | |Vetstream = [https://www.vetstream.com/canis/search?s=nematode Nematodes] |
| − | |-
| + | }} |
| − | |'''Adult worms'''
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| − | |Few
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| − | |Many
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| − | |-
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| − | |'''Eggs in faeces'''
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| − | |Often zero | |
| − | |Many
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| − | |-
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| − | |'''Period of patency'''
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| − | |<8months
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| − | |5+ years
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| − | |-
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| − | |'''Clinical signs'''
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| − | |Sometimes
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| − | |Rarely
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| − | |}
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| | | | |
| | | | |
| − | '''NOTE''': Clinical signs - chronic cough at rest or during exercise, single animal or group of horses, autumn or early winter.
| + | {{review}} |
| | | | |
| − | *''Dictyocaulus arnfieldi'' causes [[Respiratory Parasitic Infections - Pathology#Dictyocaulus arnfieldi|cough in horses]]
| + | {{OpenPages}} |
| | | | |
| − | ==== Pathogenicity ====
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| − | *Raised areas of over-inflated pulmonary tissue (several cms in diameter) surrounding small bronchus containing worms and mucopurulent exudate.
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| − | *Hyperplastic bronchial epithelium.
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| − | *Peribronchial "cuffing".
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| | | | |
| − | ==== Diagnosis ====
| + | [[Category:Dictyocaulus]][[Category:Horse_Nematodes]] |
| − | *Clinical signs.
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| − | *Grazing history (donkey contact or shared grazing).
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| − | *Faecal examination (only detects patent infections = small proportion of lungworm infections in horses):
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| − | **process sample immediately = McMaster method, embryonated eggs
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| − | **process sample later = Baerman technique, larvae with tail spine.
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| − | *Tracheobronchial washings (large eosinophils).
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| − | *Response to anthelmintic treatment (e.g. resolution of clinical signs = retrospective diagnosis).
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| | | | |
| − | ==== Control ====
| + | [[Category:Expert_Review]] |
| − | *Do not keep horses on pastures grazed by donkeys (potential carriers).
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| − | *Treat donkeys with appropriate anthelmintic in spring if grazed with horses.
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| − | | |
| − | *Found in smaller [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchi]]
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| − | *Cause of chronic cough
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| − | *Donkeys are a reservoir mostly without any clinical signs
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| − | *Gross pathology:
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| − | **Raised areas of over-inflated pulmonary tissue surrounding small bronchus, containing worms and mucopurulent exudate
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| − | **Hyperplastic bronchial epithelium
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| − | **Coiled worms in small bronchi
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| − | **Peribronchial cuffing
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| − | **In caudal lung lobes
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| − | *Histologically
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| − | **Central coiled parasites and associated chronic catharral bronchitis
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| − | **Goblet cell hyperplasia
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| − | **Lymphoid cell infiltration
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| − | *In [[Hindgut Fermenters - Horse - Anatomy & Physiology|horses]], the worms usually fail to achieve sexual maturity
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| − | [[Category:Trichostrongyloidea]][[Category:Horse_Nematodes]]
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| − | [[Category:To_Do_-_Max]] | |
| | [[Category:Respiratory Parasitic Infections]] | | [[Category:Respiratory Parasitic Infections]] |