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| + | == Introduction == |
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| + | Until 1978 Parvovirus enteritis was totally unknown in dogs - it was first seen in dogs in Australia where it appeared very similar but perhaps slightly worse than the [[Feline Panleucopenia|disease seen in the cat]]. Research revealed a new and distinct disease, but the virus is very closely related to the feline virus; viral DNA is 98% homologous to the feline virus. Clinically, the virus causes enteritis mainly affecting the [[Small Intestine Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|small intestine]] in young dogs over 6 weeks old and [[Myocarditis|myocarditis]] in puppies. The virus is transmitted orally. Vaccines are very effective, but the virus is hardy and survives for a protracted time in the environment. |
− | |linkpage =Viruses | + | |
− | |linktext =VIRUSES | + | |
− | |sublink1=Parvoviridae | + | == Antigenicity == |
− | |subtext1=PARVOVIRUSES | + | |
− | |pagetype =Bugs | + | Two canine viruses have been identified, these are: |
| + | *Canine Parvovirus 1 ('''CPV1'''): avirulent and ubiquitous in the canine population |
| + | *Canine Parvovirus 2 ('''CPV2'''): a new virus that emerged in the late 1970's. Antigenic variants do naturally occur. |
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| + | == Pathogenesis == |
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| + | Oropharyngeal infection is followed by '''viraemia'''. Subsequently there are two distinct syndromes depending on the age of the animal: |
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| + | #'''Myocarditis''' in puppies aged 3-8 weeks - the virus targets rapidly dividing myocardium leading to sudden death, or '''fading puppy''' syndrome. This is now rare due to widespread passive immunity. |
| + | #'''Enteritis''' in puppies 6 weeks of age. The virus targets intestinal crypts, causing the villi to shorten and the destruction of crypt cells, leading to gray, persistent, foul-smelling diarrhoea or [[Gastroenteritis, Haemorrhagic|hemorrhagic enteritis]]. CPV has a high morbidity but low mortality (10%) rate. |
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| + | == Diagnosis == |
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| + | Often the clinical signs plus history, signalment and lack of vaccination is very indicative of the virus. [[Agglutination|Haemagglutination]] or [[ELISA testing|ELISA]] should be performed to confirm viral infection. Viral antigen can be detected in the faeces by the red cell agglutination test. [[Immunofluorescence]] and serology can also be used to diagnose this disease. |
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| + | == Treatment and Control == |
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| + | In an outbreak, affected dogs need to be kept isolated. Supportive care needs to be given such as intravenous [[:Category:Fluid Therapy|fluid therapy]]. [[Antibiotics]] are sometimes given to protect against or treat any secondary bacterial infections that may ensue. |
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| + | Vaccination is widely available and is recommended for puppies. The vaccine is given in combination with [[Distemper]], [[Infectious Canine Hepatitis|Hepatitis]] and [[Canine Parainfluenza - 2|Parainfluenza viruses]]. First vaccine is given at 8-10 weeks and the second vaccination two weeks after the first, 10-12 weeks of age. Earlier vaccinations can be given where breeders are known to have CPV on the premises. |
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| + | {{Learning |
| + | |Vetstream = [https://www.vetstream.com/canis/Content/Bug/bug00213.asp, Canine parvovirus]<br> |
| + | [https://www.vetstream.com/canis/Content/Disease/dis01005.asp, CPV 1 - disease]<br>[https://www.vetstream.com/canis/Content/Disease/dis01007.asp, CPV 2 - disease) |
| + | |full text = [http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2009/20093115250.pdf '''Canine parvovirus: an emerging, re-emerging, significant pathogen of dogs.''' Kapil, S.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, Small animal and exotics. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Orlando, Florida, USA, 17-21 January, 2009, 2009, pp 650-651, 3 ref.] |
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− | ====Antigenicity==== | + | == References == |
− | *2 Canine Viruses:
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− | **Canine Parvovirus 1 ('''CPV1'''): avirulent, ubiquitous in canine population
| + | Ettinger, S.J. and Feldman, E. C. (2000) Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine Diseases of the Dog and Cat Volume 2 (Fifth Edition) W.B. Saunders Company |
− | **Canine Parvovirus 2 ('''CPV2'''): new virus emerged in the late 1970's
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− | *Antigenic variants occur
| + | Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G. (2009) Small Animal Internal Medicine (Fourth Edition) Mosby Elsevier. |
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− | ====Hosts====
| + | Tilley, L.P. and Smith, F.W.K.(2004)The 5-minute Veterinary Consult (Third edition) Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins. |
− | *Dogs
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− | *CPV 2a/2b can cause disease in cats
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− | ====Pathogenesis====
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− | *Oropharyngeal infection followed by '''viremia'''
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− | *2 distinct syndromes:
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− | #'''Myocarditis''' in puppies aged 3-8 weeks
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− | #*Virus targets rapidly dividing myocardium
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− | #*Sudden death, '''fading puppy''' syndrome
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− | #*Now rare due to widespread passive immunity
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− | #'''Enteritis''' in puppies >8 weeks of age
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− | #*Virus targets intestinal crypts
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− | #*Villi shorten, then destruction of cypt cells
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− | #*Gray, persistent, foul-smelling diarrhoea or hemorrhagic enteritis
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− | #*High morbidity, low mortality (10%)
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− | ====Epidemiology====
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− | *'''Orofecal''' transmission
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− | *Host range is controlled by only a few amino acids
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− | ====Diagnosis====
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− | *HA or ELISA for virus
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− | ====Control====
| + | [[Category:Parvoviridae]] [[Category:Cardiovascular_Diseases_-_Dog]] [[Category:Dog_Viruses]] [[Category:Intestinal_Diseases_-_Dog]] [[Category:Enteritis, Viral]][[Category:Expert_Review]] |
− | *Vaccination, usually in combination with distemper and hepatitis. With first vaccination at 8-10 weeks and the second vaccination two weeks after the first, 10-12 weeks.
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− | *Thorough disinfection after disease
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