Donkey, Bureaucrats, Administrators
362
edits
Changes
no edit summary
{{OpenPagesTop}}
Also Known As: '''''Gall sickness''''' — '''''Gallsickness''''' — '''''Tick fever''''' (Australia) — '''''Tristeza''''' (Portugal)
Also Known As: '''''Gall sickness''''' — '''''Gallsickness''''' — '''''Tick fever''''' (Australia) — '''''Tristeza''''' (Portugal)
Caused by: '''''Anaplasma marginale — Anaplasma ovis — A. ovis — Ehrlichia bovis
Caused by: '''''[[Anaplasmas|Anaplasma marginale — A. ovis — A. mesaeterum]] — Ehrlichia bovis
==Introduction==
==Introduction==
[[File:Anaplasmosis.jpg|thumb|200px|right|''Rickettsia'' sp. inside tick haemolymph cells (sourced from Wikimedia Commons)]]
[[File:Anaplasmosis.jpg|thumb|200px|right|''Rickettsia'' sp. inside tick haemolymph cells (sourced from Wikimedia Commons)]]
Anaplasmosis is a ruminant disease caused by the [[:Category:Rickettsiales|'''rickettsial''']] pathogens ''Anaplasma marginale'', ''A. ovis'', ''A. mesaeterum'' and ''Ehrlichia bovis''.
Anaplasmosis is a ruminant disease caused by the [[:Category:Rickettsiales|'''rickettsial''']] pathogens [[Anaplasmas|''Anaplasma marginale'', ''A. ovis'', ''A. mesaeterum'']] and ''Ehrlichia bovis''.
These rickettsial parasites reside exclusively within the '''[[erythrocytes| red blood cells]]''' of their hosts.
These rickettsial parasites reside exclusively within the '''[[erythrocytes| red blood cells]]''' of their hosts.
==Clinical Signs==
==Clinical Signs==
'''Cardiovascular'''
'''Cardiovascular'''
:Profound anaemia resulting in tachycardia and dyspnoea. Congestion of mucous membranes.
:Profound anaemia resulting in tachycardia and dyspnoea. Congestion of mucous membranes which may be jaundiced.
'''Gastrointestinal'''
'''Gastrointestinal'''
'''Urinary'''
'''Urinary'''
:Red, brown or pink urine
:Haemoglobinuria does '''not''' occur
'''Neurological signs'''
'''Neurological signs'''
'''Other'''
'''Other'''
:Swelling of the head, face and ears, general paresis/paralysis, rough hair coat
:General paresis/paralysis, rough hair coat, weight loss
Signs are often severely exacerbated by '''exercise'''.
Signs are often severely exacerbated by '''exercise''' with caution needed not to overly stress animals during clinical examination which can lead to collapse and death.
==Diagnosis==
==Diagnosis==
Serous effusions may be present in any body cavity. The spleen may be engorged and the kidneys congested.
Serous effusions may be present in any body cavity. The spleen may be engorged and the kidneys congested.
Urine is dark yellow/brown due to the presence of [[Bilirubin | bilirubin]].
Urine is dark yellow/brown due to the presence of [[Bilirubin | bilirubin]]. The absence of haemoglobinuria/haematuria is a useful sign to distinguish the condition from other differential diagnoses that present in a similar way.
==Treatment==
==Treatment==
Supportive treatment such as '''blood transfusions''' and appetite stimulants in severe cases may be required.
Supportive treatment such as '''blood transfusions''' and appetite stimulants in severe cases may be required.
A long combined course of imidocarb and oxytetracycline can also be used to eliminate the carrier state.
A long combined course of imidocarb and oxytetracycline can also be used to try and eliminate the carrier state. However, a trial into using oxytetracycline for this purpose showed it to be ineffective for this purpose <ref>Coetzee ''et al'' (2005) '''Comparison of three oxytetracycline regimes for the treatment of persistent Anaplasma marginale infections in beef cattle. '''''Veterinary Parasitology'' 127:61-73.</ref>.
==Control==
==Control==
[[Tick Control|Control of the tick vector]] is viable but expensive.
[[Tick Control|Control of the tick vector]] is viable but expensive.
{{Learning
|literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title%3A+Anaplasmosis/ Anaplasmosis Publications]
|flashcards = [[Anaplasmosis Flashcards]]
}}
==References==
==References==
<references/>
<references/>
{{review}}
{{CABI source
|datasheet = [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=94682&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160 Anaplasmosis]]
|date = June 2, 2011
}}
<br><br><br>
{{Nick Lyons
|date = October 16, 2011}}
{{OpenPages}}
[[Category:Lymphoreticular and Haematopoietic Diseases - Cattle]]
[[Category:Lymphoreticular and Haematopoietic Diseases - Cattle]]
[[Category:CABI Expert Review]]
[[Category:CABI Expert Review Completed]][[Category:CABI AHPC Pages]]
[[Category:Anaemia]]
[[Category:Anaemia|3]]
[[Category:Nick Lyons reviewed]]