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== Epidemiology ==
*Infects a wide range of host species in different areas of the world
Babesiosis has severe effects on cattle production in parts of the world. First of all, it prevents European breeds from being successful in tropical regions where [[Ticks|ticks]] are endemic as well as occurring sporadically in the UK and Ireland causing losses of around £8 million per year.
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* May cause haemolysis and [[General Pathology - Pigmentation and Calcification#Haemoglobin|haemoglobin pigmentation]].
=== '''Life Cycle''' ===
Both [[Ticks#Disease Transmission|trans-stadial]] and [[Ticks#Disease Transmission|trans-ovarian]] transmission occurs with each female [[Ticks|tick]] producing 3000 eggs and the [[Ticks|tick]] being the definitive host.
''Babesia'' multiplies in the red blood cells by '''budding''' and it forms 2-4 daughter cells (species dependent).
Giemsa blood smears can differentiate between species using 'Difquik' stain.
*''Babesia'' species are either small or large depending on the size of the daughter cells
*Small ''Babesia''
**E.g. ''B. divergens''
**E.g. ''B. gibsoni''
**Peripheral nucleus
**Obtuse angle
*Large ''Babesia''
**E.g. ''B. major''
**E.g. ''B. canis-complex''
**Central nucleus
**Acute angle
*Daughter cells disrupt the red blood cell and are released
**Spread and infect other red blood cells
*Antigen is released which adsorbs onto other red blood cells
**Causes haemolysis and [[Pigmentation - Pathology#Haemoglobin|haemoglobin pigmentation]]
**Causes haemolytic anaemia, haemoglobinuria and fever
===Enzootic Instability===
*Low rate of transmission
*Few infected [[Ticks|ticks]]
*Infrequent exposure
*Immunity wanes or is completely absent in many individuals
*Low levels of herd immunity
*'''Higher''' incidence of disease
===Enzootic Stability===
*High rate of transmission
*Many infected ticks
*Frequent exposure boosts immunity
*High level of herd immunity
*'''Lower''' incidence of disease
<big>'''[[Babesiosis - Cattle|Cattle Babesiosis]]
'''[[Babesia canis]]'''
'''[[Babesiosis - Horse|Horse Babesiosis]]'''
'''[[Babesiosis - Small Ruminants|Sheep and Goat Babesiosis]]
</big>
*''Babesia bovis'' myositis
**In cattle
**Infrequent muscle [[Muscle Necrosis|necrosis]]
==Test yourself with the Piroplasmida Flashcards==
[[Piroplasmida_Flashcards|Piroplasmida Flashcards]]
[[Category:Piroplasmida]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Parasites]]