Changes

==Introduction==

==Introduction==

The horse, as well as other domestic mammals, have a limited range of motion in the carpal joints compared with humans; therefore these muscles act as either extensors or flexors.

The horse, as well as other domestic mammals, have a limited range of motion in the carpal joints compared with humans; therefore these muscles act as either extensors or flexors.

=='''Extensors'''==

=='''Extensors'''==

The craniolateral position on the forearm, almost all originate from the lateral epicondyle of the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Humerus|humerus]]. All innervated by the radial n. from the brachial plexus.

The extensors are located at the craniolateral position on the forearm, almost all originate from the lateral '''epicondyle of the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Humerus|humerus]]'''. All of these muscles are innervated by the '''radial n'''. from the brachial plexus.

'''''Extensor carpi radialis'''''

'''''Extensor carpi radialis'''''

:The most medial

:The most medial

::'''Insertion''': Metacarpal tuberosity of the proximal [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpals and Metatarsals|third metacarpal]] (cannon) bone. Uniquely in the horse, the lacertus fibrosus (detachment of the ''biceps brachii'') joins this muscle prior to its insertion.  

::'''Insertion''': Metacarpal tuberosity of the proximal [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpals and Metatarsals|third metacarpal]] (cannon) bone. Uniquely in the horse, the lacertus fibrosus (detachment of the ''biceps brachii'') joins this muscle prior to its insertion.  

::'''Action''': Extends and fixes the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Carpal Joint|carpus]], flexes the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Elbow Joint|elbow]]

::'''Action''': Extends and fixes the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Carpal Joint|carpus]], flexes the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Elbow Joint|elbow]]

'''''Extensor carpi obliquus''''' (aka '''''abductor pollicis longus''''')

'''''Extensor carpi obliquus''''' (aka '''''abductor pollicis longus''''')

:'''Origin''': Cranial [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Radius and Ulna|radius]]

:'''Origin''': Cranial [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Radius and Ulna|radius]]

:'''Insertion''': Head of [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpals and Metatarsals|second metacarpal]] (medial splint) bone

:'''Insertion''': Head of [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpals and Metatarsals|second metacarpal]] (medial splint) bone

   

   

'''''Common Digital Extensor'''''

'''''Common Digital Extensor'''''

=='''Flexors'''==

=='''Flexors'''==

Caudal position on the forearm, originate from the caudal medial epicondyle of the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Humerus|humerus]]. All innervated by the median or ulnar n. of the brachial plexus.

These muscles are at the caudal position on the forearm. They originate from the '''caudal medial epicondyle of the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Humerus|humerus]]''' and are innervated by the '''median or ulnar n.''' of the brachial plexus.

'''''Flexor carpi radialis'''''

'''''Flexor carpi radialis'''''

:The most medial, inserts on the proximal part of the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpals and Metatarsals|second metatarsal]] (medial splint)bone

:The most medial, inserts on the proximal part of the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpals and Metatarsals|second metacarpal]] (medial splint)bone

'''''Flexor carpi ulnaris'''''  

'''''Flexor carpi ulnaris'''''  

:The most lateral, inserts on the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Carpal Bones|accessory carpal bone]].

:The most lateral, inserts on the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Carpal Bones|accessory carpal bone]].

'''''Ulnaris lateralis'''''

'''''Ulnaris lateralis'''''

:The most caudolateral

:The most caudolateral

:'''Insertion''': [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Carpal Bones|accessory carpal bone]] and the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpals and Metatarsals|fourth metatarsal]] (lateral splint) bone.

:'''Insertion''': [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Carpal Bones|accessory carpal bone]] and the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpals and Metatarsals|fourth metacarpal]] (lateral splint) bone.

:'''Action''': Flexes the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Carpal Joint|carpus]] rather than extends it, due to its insertion caudal to the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Carpal Joint|carpal joint]]  axis.  

:'''Action''': Flexes the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Carpal Joint|carpus]] rather than extends it, due to its insertion caudal to the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Carpal Joint|carpal joint]]  axis.  

'''''Interosseus muscle/Suspensory ligament'''''

'''''Interosseus muscle/Suspensory ligament'''''

:This is covered in more detail in the [[Tendons - Horse Anatomy|Equine Tendons]] section.

:This is covered in more detail in the [[Tendons - Horse Anatomy|Equine Tendons]] section.