134
edits
Changes
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology (view source)
Revision as of 19:25, 27 October 2022
, 19:25, 27 October 2022no edit summary
{{OpenPagesTop}}
==Common structures of the Proximal Hindlimb and Pelvis==
==Common structures of the Proximal Hindlimb and Pelvis==
#The '''sacrotuberous ligament''' - is highly variable among species.
#The '''sacrotuberous ligament''' - is highly variable among species.
===Coxafemoral/Hip Joint===
{{Template:Learning
|videos = [[Video: Sacro-tuberous (sacro-sciatic) ligament dissection|Sacro-tuberous (sacro-sciatic) ligament dissection]]
}}
===Coxofemoral/Hip Joint===
This is a spheroidal joint formed by the femoral head and the '''acetabulum'''. The '''acetabulum''' is formed by all three pelvic bones and an additional '''small acetabular bone''' in carnivores. The craniolateral part is made by the ilium, the caudolateral part by the ischium and the medial part by the pubis. The cavity of the acetabulum consists of a peripheral '''articular lunate surface''' and the non-articular '''acetabular fossa''' in its centre. The lunate surface is crescent shaped and has on its medial aspect the '''acetabular notch'''. Cattle also have a '''cranioventral notch ''' present. The '''acetabular lip''' is a band of fibrocartilage that lies on the acetabular rim, thus deepening the acetabulum. The joint capsule is large and attaches to the acetabular lip.
This is a spheroidal joint formed by the femoral head and the '''acetabulum'''. The '''acetabulum''' is formed by all three pelvic bones and an additional '''small acetabular bone''' in carnivores. The craniolateral part is made by the ilium, the caudolateral part by the ischium and the medial part by the pubis. The cavity of the acetabulum consists of a peripheral '''articular lunate surface''' and the non-articular '''acetabular fossa''' in its centre. The lunate surface is crescent shaped and has on its medial aspect the '''acetabular notch'''. Cattle also have a '''cranioventral notch ''' present. The '''acetabular lip''' is a band of fibrocartilage that lies on the acetabular rim, thus deepening the acetabulum. The joint capsule is large and attaches to the acetabular lip.
'''''Distal Row of Tarsal Bones'''''
'''''Distal Row of Tarsal Bones'''''
:These are highly variable amongst species but are discussed on their relevant pages.
These are highly variable amongst species but are discussed on their relevant pages.
==Joints of the Distal Hindlimb==
==Joints of the Distal Hindlimb==
[[Image:stifle anatomy.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The Stifle, Cranial Caudal View - Copyright RVC]]
[[Image:stifle anatomy.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The Stifle, Cranial Caudal View - Copyright RVC]]
A composite, incongruent hinge joint made up of the '''femerotibial joint''' and '''femeropatellar joint'''.
A composite, incongruent hinge joint made up of the '''femorotibial joint''' and '''femoropatellar joint'''.
'''''Femerotibial Joint'''''
'''''Femorotibial Joint'''''
:Essentially, this joint is formed between the femoral condyles and the proximal end of the tibia. A '''meniscus''' exists between each condyle and the tibia to compensate for any incongruency of the articular surfaces. The meniscus is a semilunar, fibrocartilage with a thick, convex peripheral border and central thin, concave border. The surface facing the femoral condyles is concave and facing the tibia it is flattened. As a condylar joint, the principal movements are '''flexion''' and '''extension''', but due to the presence of the menisci there is a limited amount of rotation. The '''fibrous layer''' of the joint capsule attaches to the margins of the articular surfaces and menisci and so completely encircles the femoral condyles. The '''synovial layer''' of the capsule covers the cruciates and forms a partition between the medial and lateral parts of the joint. These sacs are further separated by the menisci into a proximal and distal communicating compartments. The lateral femorotibial joint contains two pouches; one ensheathes the origin of the tendinous origin of the popliteal and the other ensheathes the origin of the long digital extensor at the extensor fossa.
Essentially, this joint is formed between the femoral condyles and the proximal end of the tibia. A '''meniscus''' exists between each condyle and the tibia to compensate for any incongruency of the articular surfaces. The meniscus is a semilunar, fibrocartilage with a thick, convex peripheral border and central thin, concave border. The surface facing the femoral condyles is concave and facing the tibia it is flattened. As a condylar joint, the principal movements are '''flexion''' and '''extension''', but due to the presence of the menisci there is a limited amount of rotation. The '''fibrous layer''' of the joint capsule attaches to the margins of the articular surfaces and menisci and so completely encircles the femoral condyles. The '''synovial layer''' of the capsule covers the cruciates and forms a partition between the medial and lateral parts of the joint. These sacs are further seperated by the menisci into a proximal and distal communicating compartments. The lateral femerotibial joint contains two pouches; one ensheathes the origin of the tendinous origin of the politeal and the other ensheathes the origin of the long digital extensor at the extensor fossa.
'''''Meniscal Ligaments'''''
'''''Meniscal Ligaments'''''
:'''Cranial tibial ligaments of the menisci''' - connecting the cranial aspect of the menisci to the medial and lateral cranial intercondyloid area of the tibia.
:'''Caudal tibial ligaments of the menisci''' - the medial ligament connects the caudal angle of the medial meniscus to the caudal intercondyloid area of the tibia. The lateral ligament connects the caudal angle of the lateral meniscus to the popliteal notch of the tibia.
:'''Femoral ligament of the lateral meniscus''' - connects the caudal angle of the lateral meniscus to the inside aspect of the medial femoral condyle.
:'''Transverse ligament''' - connects the cranial angles of the lateral and medial menisci. Found in carnivores and cattle.
'''Cranial tibial ligaments of the menisci''' - connecting the cranial aspect of the menisci to the medial and lateral cranial intercondyloid area of the tibia.
'''''Femorotibial ligaments'''''
:'''Lateral and Medial Collateral Ligaments''' - The lateral connects the lateral epicondyle of the femur to both the lateral condyle of the tibia and the head of the fibula. The medial connects the medial epicondyle of the femur to just distal to the margin of the medial condyle of the tibia. This ligament fuses with the joint capsule and medial meniscus.
:'''Cranial and Caudal Cruciate Ligaments''' - These ligaments sit in the intercondyloid fossa of the femur in between the two synovial sacs. The cranial connects the lateral femoral condyle to the central intercondylar area of the tibia. The caudal connects the medial femoral condyle to the popliteal notch of the tibia.
:'''Oblique Popliteal Ligament''' - This is made of fibrous strands that are embedded in the joint capsule and run in latero-proximal to medial-distal direction.
'''Lateral and Medial Collateral Ligaments''' - The lateral connects the lateral epicondyle of the femur to both the lateral condyle of the tibia and the head of the fibula. The medial connects the medial epicondyle of the femur to just distal to the margin of the medial condyle of the tibia. This ligament fuses with the joint capsule and medial meniscus.
'''Cranial and Caudal Cruciate Ligaments''' - These ligaments sit in the intercondyloid fossa of the femur inbetween the two synovial sacs. The cranial connects the lateral femoral condyle to the central intercondylar area of the tibia. The caudal connects the medial femoral condyle to the popliteal notch of the tibia.
'''Oblique Popliteal Ligament''' - This is made of fibrous strands that are embedded in the joint capsule and run in latero-proximal to medial-distal direction.
'''''Femeropatellar Joint'''''
'''''Femoropatellar Joint'''''
:This joint is formed between the articular surfaces of the patella and femur. The ligaments of this joint can be grouped as the '''femoropatellar ligaments''' and the '''patellar ligament'''. Both these groups of ligaments are highly species specific and are discussed on the species pages.
This joint is formed between the articular surfaces of the patella and femur. The ligaments of this joint can be grouped as the '''femeropatellar ligaments''' and the '''patellar ligament'''. Both these groups of ligaments are highly species specific and are discussed on the species pages.
===Patella===
===Patella===
This is the largest '''sesamoid bone''' and lies in the tendinous insertion of the quadriceps. The articular surface is on the caudal aspect and faces the femur. The free surface, faces cranial and is palpable in all species. The base is at the proximal end and is rough due to muscular attachments. The apex is at the distal end.
This is the largest '''sesamoid bone''' and lies in the tendinous insertion of the quadriceps muscle. The articular surface is on the caudal aspect and faces the femur. The free surface, faces cranial and is palpable in all species. The base is at the proximal end and is rough due to muscular attachments. The apex is at the distal end.
===Tarsal Joint/Hock===
===Tarsal Joint/Hock===
'''''Tarsocrural Joint'''''
'''''Tarsocrural Joint'''''
:A cochlear joint, formed by the articulation of the trochlea of the talus and the distal end of the tibia. It is also the articulation between the calcaneous and the distal end of the fibula or lateral malleolus in cows. It has a large joint capsule that communicates with the proximal intertarsal joint. It has two plantar pouches that extend proximally above the medial and lateral malleoli. It also has a dorsal pouch that continues under the medial tendon of the cranial tibial muscle.
A cochlear joint, formed by the articulation of the trochlea of the talus and the distal end of the tibia. It is also the articulation between the calcaneous and the distal end of the fibula or lateral malleolus in cows. It has a large joint capsule that communicates with the proximal intertarsal joint. It has two plantar pouches that extend proximally above the medial and lateral malleoli. It also has a dorsal pouch that continues under the medial tendon of the cranial tibial muscle.
'''''Proximal Intertarsal Joint'''''
'''''Proximal Intertarsal Joint'''''
:Proximally, the talus and calcaneus articulate, and distally the central and forth tarsal bone articulate. The extent of direction of movement is species variable. A rigid joint is formed by the central tarsal bone and the small tarsal bones distally.
Proximally, the talus and calcaneus articulate, and distally the central and forth tarsal bone articulate. The extent of direction of movement is species variable. A rigid joint is formed by the central tarsal bone and the small tarsal bones distally.
'''''Tarsometatarsal Joint'''''
'''''Tarsometatarsal Joint'''''
:This is the articulation between the distal tarsal bones and the metatarsal bones.
This is the articulation between the distal tarsal bones and the metatarsal bones.
'''''Ligaments of the Tarsus'''''
'''''Ligaments of the Tarsus'''''
:# '''Long lateral collateral ligament''' connects the lateral malleolus to the proximal part of the lateral metatarsal bones. Along its course it attaches to the lateral tarsal bones.
:# '''Short lateral collateral ligament''' connects the lateral malleoulus to the calcaneus and the talus, and lies deep to the long lateral collateral ligament.
:# '''Long medial collateral ligament''' connects the medial malleolus to the proximal part of the medial metatarsal bones. Along its course it attaches to the medial tarsal bones.
:# '''Short medial collateral ligament''' connects the medial malleolus to the calcaneus and the talus and is deep to the long ligament.
:# '''Dorsal tarsal ligament''' is a triangular sheath, which is spread between the medial part of the talus, the central and 3rd tarsal bones and the 3rd and 4th metatarsal bones.
:# '''Long plantar ligament''' is a strong ligament connecting the calcaneus to the central and 4th tarsal bones and the proximal part of the 3rd and 4th metatarsal bones.
Numerous short ligaments bridge the joint spaces in the intratarsal joints. Strong fascia help keep tendons in place and are partially fused to the joint capsule. The most important are the '''proximal extensor retinaculum''', which holds down the tendon of the long digital extensor and the cranial tibial muscles, and the '''distal extensor retinaculum''', which holds the tendon of the long digital extensor in place.
Numerous short ligaments bridge the joint spaces in the intratarsal joints. Strong fascia help keep tendons in place and are partially fused to the joint capsule. The most important are the '''proximal extensor retinaculum''', which holds down the tendon of the long digital extensor and the cranial tibial muscles, and the '''distal extensor retinaculum''', which holds the tendon of the long digital extensor in place.
These muscles arise from the ventral aspect of the lumbar vertebrae and will insert on either the pelvis or femur. They are also known as the '''sublumbar muscles'''. Their main function is to stabilise the vertebral column and pelvis during locomotion and for control of dorsiflexion and ventriflexion of the spine.
These muscles arise from the ventral aspect of the lumbar vertebrae and will insert on either the pelvis or femur. They are also known as the '''sublumbar muscles'''. Their main function is to stabilise the vertebral column and pelvis during locomotion and for control of dorsiflexion and ventriflexion of the spine.
'''Psoas Minor'''
:Function: flexion of the vertebral column during the stance phase. Stabilisation of the vertebral column.
:Origin: 2nd-3rd caudal thoracic vertebrae on their ventral aspect and the 4th/5th cranial lumbar vertebrae.
:Insertion: via a strong tendon to the psoas tubercle of the femoral shaft.
Function: flexion of the vertebral column during the stance phase. Stabilisation of the vertebral column.
'''Iliopsoas'''
:The strongest muscle of the girdle.
:Function: Flexion of the hip and outward rotation of the stifle. ie. draws hindlimb forward.
:In all animals, except carnivores, where they are fused, the muscle can be divided into two distinct parts.
Origin: 2nd-3rd caudal thoracic vertebrae on their ventral aspect and the 4th/5th cranial lumbar vertebrae.
'''Greater Psoas''' - the lumbar portion.
:Origin: last thoracic vertebrae and ribs and the bodies and transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae.
:Insertion: Incorporates with iliac muscle and inserts on the lesser trochanter.
:It is positioned dorsally to the psoas minor and ventral to the quadrate lumbar muscle.
Insertion: via a strong tendon to the psoas tubercle of the femoral shaft.
'''Iliac '''muscle
:Origin: wing and shaft of ilium.
:Insertion: via the common iliopsoas tendon to the lesser trochanter of the femur.
:The muscle passes through the '''muscular lacuna'''; an opening between the os coxae laterally and caudally, the rectus abdominus medially and the iliac fascia cranially.
'''Quadrate Lumbar''' muscle
:Function: stabilisation of the lumbar vertebral column.
:Origin: Ventral aspect of the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae and the proximal ends of the ribs.
:Insertion: Ventral aspect of the wings of the ilium and sacrum.
Function: stabilisation of the lumbar vertebral column.
Origin: Ventral aspect of the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae and the proximal ends of the ribs.
Insertion: Ventral aspect of the wings of the ilium and sacrum.
===Rump Muscles===
===Rump Muscles===
'''''Superficial Gluteal Muscle'''''
'''''Superficial Gluteal Muscle'''''
:This muscle shows great species variance and will be explained on their respective pages.
This muscle shows great species variance and will be explained on their respective homepages.
:Function - Extension of the hip, also retraction of the limb and supports outward rotation.
Function - Extension of the hip, also retraction of the limb and supports outward rotation.
'''''Gluteofemoral Muscle'''''
'''''Gluteofemoral Muscle'''''
:This muscle only exists in the cat.
This muscle only exists in the cat.
:Function - Retraction and abduction of the limb and hip extension.
:Origin - 2nd-4th caudal vertebrae.
Function - Retraction and abduction of the limb and hip extension.
:Insertion - Lateral aspect of patella and fascia lata via an aponeurosis.
:Location - Between the superficial gluteal muscle and biceps muscle of the thigh.
Origin - 2nd-4th caudal vertebrae.
Insertion - Lateral aspect of patella and fascia lata via an aponeurosis.
Location - Between the superficial gluteal muscle and biceps muscle of the thigh.
'''''Middle Gluteal Muscle'''''
'''''Middle Gluteal Muscle'''''
:This muscle also shows great species variance, though all species have a superficial and deep portion that are separated by a tendinous sheet. Both tendons on their site of insertion are protected by a synovial bursa.
This muscle also shows great species variance, though all species have a superficial and deep portion that are seperated by a tendinous sheet. Both tendons on their site of insertion are protected by a synovial bursa.
:Function - most powerful extensor of the hip, also abducts and retracts the limb.
Function - most powerful extensor of the hip, also abducts and retracts the limb.
'''''Piriform Muscle'''''
'''''Piriform Muscle'''''
:This is fused to the middle gluteal muscle except in carnivores.
This is fused to the middle gluteal muscle except in carnivores.
:Function - Extensor of hip and abducter of the limb.
:Origin - last sacral vertebrae and sacrotuberous ligament.
Function - Extensor of hip and abducter of the limb.
:Insertion - just distal to the greater trochanter on the lateral aspect of the femur.
:Location - caudal and medial to the middle gluteal and is covered by the superficial gluteal.
Origin - last sacral vertebrae and sacrotuberous ligament.
Insertion - just distal to the greater trochanter on the lateral aspect of the femur.
Location - caudal and medial to the middle gluteal and is covered by the superficial gluteal.
'''Deep Gluteal Muscle'''
'''Deep Gluteal Muscle'''
:Function - abduction of the limb.
Function - abduction of the limb.
:Origin - lateral aspect of the ilial shaft.
:Insertion - via a short tendon to the greater trochanter.
Origin - lateral aspect of the ilial shaft.
Insertion - via a short tendon to the greater trochanter.
'''''Tensor Muscle of the Fascia Lata'''''
'''''Tensor Muscle of the Fascia Lata'''''
:This muscle shows great species variance.
This muscle shows great species variance.
:Function - flexion of the hip and extension of the stifle.
Function - flexion of the hip and extension of the stifle.
===='''The Hamstrings'''====
===='''The Hamstrings'''====
'''''Biceps Muscle of the thigh'''''
'''''Biceps Muscle of the thigh'''''
:The largest and most lateral of the muscles, it is superficial and covered only by fascia and skin. It consists of cranial part, arising from the sacrum and sacrotuberous ligament and a small caudal part arising from the ischium. The muscle is composed of multiple parts and has different points of insertion in different species.
The largest and most lateral of the muscles, it is superficial and covered only by fascia and skin. It consists of cranial part, arising from the sacrum and sacrotuberous ligament and a small caudal part arising from the ischium. The muscle is composed of multiple parts and has different points of insertion in different species.
:Function - Extension and abduction of the limb. The cranial part extends the hip and stifle, though the caudal part extends the hip but flexes the stifle. It also causes tarsal extension.
:See species pages as is very species specific.
Function - Extension and abduction of the limb. The cranial part extends the hip and stifle, though the caudal part extends the hip but flexes the stifle. It also causes tarsal extension.
See species pages as is very species specific.
'''''Abductor muscle of the thigh'''''
'''''Abductor muscle of the thigh'''''
:Only present in carnivores.
Only present in carnivores.
:Function - abduction of the limb.
:Origin - sacrotuberous ligament.
Function - abduction of the limb.
:Insertion - crural fascia.
Origin - sacrotuberous ligament.
Insertion - crural fascia.
'''''Semitendinous'''''
'''''Semitendinous'''''
:Function - extends the hip, stifle and tarsus when the foot makes contact with the ground, therefore propulsing the animal. On a non-weightbearing leg it flexes the stifle and rotates the leg back and out.
Function - extends the hip, stifle and tarsus when the foot makes contact with the ground, therefore propulsing the animal. On a non-weightbearing leg it flexes the stifle and rotates the leg back and out.
:Origin - the ischial tuberosity ('''pelvic head''').
:Insertion - cranial margin of the tibia and a tendinous insertion on the calcaneal tuberosity.
Origin - the ischial tuberosity ('''pelvic head''').
Insertion - cranial margin of the tibia and a tendinous insertion on the calcaneal tuberosity.
'''''Semimembranous'''''
'''''Semimembranous'''''
:The most medial of the hamstrings.
The most medial of the hamstrings.
:Function - Extension of the hip and stifle in a weightbearing stance. On a non-weightbearing limb, it adducts and retracts the limb.
:Origin - can be from either just the pelvic head or from the pelvic head and '''vertebral head'''. This is dependent on species.
Function - Extension of the hip and stifle in a weightbearing stance. On a non-weightbearing limb, it adducts and retracts the limb.
:Insertion - onto the medial condyle of the femur and the medial condyle of the tibia.
Origin - can be from either just the pelvic head or from the pelvic head and '''vertebral head'''. This is dependent on species.
Insertion - onto the medial condyle of the femur and the medial condyle of the tibia.
===='''Medial Muscles of the Thigh'''====
===='''Medial Muscles of the Thigh'''====
This muscle groups main functions are to adduct the limb and to prevent unwanted abduction. They lie between the pelvic floor and the medial aspect of the femur.
This muscle groups' main functions are to adduct the limb and to prevent unwanted abduction. They lie between the pelvic floor and the medial aspect of the femur.
'''''Sartorius'''''
'''''Sartorius'''''
:Function - flexion of the hip, advancement and abduction of the limb. It can also extend the hip via its attachments to the crural fascia and stifle fascia.
Function - flexion of the hip, advancement and abduction of the limb. It can also extend the hip via its attachments to the crural fascia and stifle fascia.
:Origin - Coxal tuberosity; ilial shaft or tendon of psoas minor.
:Insertion - Deep fascia of the leg.
Origin - Coxal tuberosity; ilial shaft or tendon of psoas minor.
:Location - superficially on the craniomedial border of the thigh as a strap like muscle.
Insertion - Deep fascia of the leg.
Location - superficially on the craniomedial border of the thigh as a strap like muscle.
'''''Gracilis'''''
'''''Gracilis'''''
:Function - adductor of the limb, extends the hip.
Function - adductor of the limb, extends the stifle.
:Origin - from an aponeurosis of the pelvic symphysis, the insertional tendons of the straight muscle of the abdomen. A tendinous plate is formed between the two aponeurosi of the gracilis' on which the adductor muscles originate.
:Insertion - An aponeurotic insertion with the crural fascia that attaches to the tibial crest.
Origin - from an aponeurosis of the pelvic symphysis, the insertional tendons of the straight muscle of the abdomen. A tendinous plate is formed between the two aponeurosi of the gracilis' on which the adductor muscles originate.
:Location - broad muscular sheet on the caudal aspect of the medial part of the thigh.
Insertion - An aponeurotic insertion with the crural fascia that attaches to the tibial crest.
Location - broad muscular sheet on the caudal aspect of the medial part of the thigh.
'''''Pectineal Muscle'''''
'''''Pectineal Muscle'''''
:Function - flexor of the hip, adductor and supinator of the limb.
Function - flexor of the hip, adductor and supinator of the limb.
:Origin - iliopubic eminence of pelvic floor.
:Insertion - medial border of the femur.
Origin - iliopubic eminence of pelvic floor.
:Location - a fusiform muscle extending between the pecten of the pubis, the pelvic floor and the femur.
Insertion - medial border of the femur.
Location - a fusiform muscle extending between the pecten of the pubis, the pelvic floor and the femur.
'''''Adductor Muscles'''''
'''''Adductor Muscles'''''
:Function - adduction of the limb, can also retract the limb.
Function - adduction of the limb, can also retract the limb.
:Origin - the tendinous plate of the gracilis muscles.
:Insertion - medial aspect of the femur, fascia and ligaments of the medial aspect of the stifle.
Origin - the tendinous plate of the gracilis muscles.
Insertion - medial aspect of the femur, fascia and ligaments of the medial aspect of the stifle.
===='''Inner Pelvic Muscles'''====
===='''Inner Pelvic Muscles'''====
'''''Internal Obturator'''''
'''''Internal Obturator'''''
:Only exists in carnivores and horses.
Only exists in carnivores and horses.
:Function - extension of the hip and rotation of the femur laterally.
:Origin and insertion - are both dependent on species involved.
Function - extension of the hip and rotation of the femur laterally.
Origin and insertion - are both dependent on species involved.
'''''External Obturator'''''
'''''External Obturator'''''
:Function - supinator of the femur and adductor of the limb.
Function - supinator of the femur and adductor of the limb.
:Origin - the ventral pelvic surface close to the obturator foramen.
:Insertion - trochantic fossa.
Origin - the ventral pelvic surface close to the obturator foramen.
Insertion - trochantic fossa.
'''''Gemellus'''''
'''''Gemellus'''''
:Function - rotation of the limb laterally.
Function - rotation of the limb laterally.
:Origin - ischiatic spine.
:Insertion - unites partially with the internal obturator and so inserts on the trochantic fossa.
Origin - ischiatic spine.
Insertion - unites partially with the internal obturator and so inserts on the trochantic fossa.
'''''Quadrate Muscle'''''
'''''Quadrate Muscle'''''
:Function - extension of the hip and retraction of the limb.
Function - extension of the hip and retraction of the limb.
:Origin - ventral aspect of ischium.
:Insertion - trochantic fossa.
Origin - ventral aspect of ischium.
Insertion - trochantic fossa.
'''''Articular muscle of the hip joint'''''
'''''Articular muscle of the hip joint'''''
:Only in carnivores and horses.
Only in carnivores and horses.
:Function - causes tension of the joint capsule and thus helps prevent damage to the peri-articular structures.
:Origin - Hip joint capsule.
Function - causes tension of the joint capsule and thus helps prevent damage to the peri-articular structures.
Origin - Hip joint capsule.
===Muscles of the Stifle===
===Muscles of the Stifle===
'''''Quadriceps'''''
'''''Quadriceps'''''
:This muscle forms the main muscle bulk on the cranial aspect of the thigh, but is covered by the tensor muscle of the fascia lata, the sartorius and the medial femoral fascia. The quadriceps are the main extensors of the stifle and the straight muscle also flexes the hip. The muscle consists of four parts that have separate points of origin but have a common single tendon, the '''patella tendon''' that inserts onto the patella and '''tibial tuberosity'''.
This muscle forms the main muscle bulk on the cranial aspect of the thigh, but is covered by the tensor muscle of the fascia lata, the sartorius and the medial femoral fascia. The quadriceps are the main extensors of the stifle and the straight muscle also flexes the hip. The muscle consists of four parts that have seperate points of origin but have a common single tendon, the '''patella tendon''' that inserts onto the patella and '''tibial tuberosity'''.
The four parts are:
The four parts are:
:# '''Lateral Vastus''' - On the craniolateral side of the femur, originating from the lateral aspect of the proximal femur.
:# '''Medial Vastus''' - On the craniomedial side of the femur, originating from the medial aspect of the proxial femur.
:# '''Intermediate Vastus''' - On the cranial surface of the femur, it is totally covered by the other quadriceps muscles and is the weakest muscle of the quadriceps.
:# '''Straight muscle/Rectus femoris''' - Originates from the ilial shaft cranial to the acetabulum and runs down to the patella tendon between the two bellies of the lateral and medial vastus.
'''''Popliteal'''''
'''''Popliteal'''''
:Function - flexor of the stifle and pronator of the leg.
:Origin - a tendinous origin from the lateral condyle of the femur.
:Insertion - a broad tendon on the medial and caudal surface of the proximal tibia.
:Location - On the caudal aspect of the stifle and runs under the lateral collateral ligament before it inserts.
{{Template:Learning
|OVAM = [http://www.onlineveterinaryanatomy.net/content/muscle-flashcards-crus-quicktime Muscle flashcards - muscles of the canine hindlimb]<br>[http://www.onlineveterinaryanatomy.net/content/muscle-flashcards-hip-quicktime Muscle flashcards - muscles of the canine hip]
}}
==Vasculature of the Hindlimb==
==Vasculature of the Hindlimb==
'''Femoral Nerve'''
'''Femoral Nerve'''
:Origin - cranial part of the lumbosacral plexus, L4 and L5. (Sometimes L3 and L6)
Origin - cranial part of the lumbosacral plexus, L4 and L5. (Sometimes L3 and L6)
:Motor innervation - Quadriceps and iliopsoas muscle.
:Sensory innervation - the medial aspect of the limb.
Motor innervation - Quadriceps and iliopsoas muscle.
:Route - through the iliopsoas.
Sensory innervation - the medial aspect of the limb.
Route - through the iliopsoas.
'''Obturator Nerve'''
'''Obturator Nerve'''
:Origin - middle part of the lumbosacral plexus, L5 and L6.
Origin - middle part of the lumbosacral plexus, L5 and L6.
:Motor innervation - adductor muscles; external obturator, adductor and gracilis.
:Sensory innervation - none.
Motor innervation - adductor muscles; external obturator, adductor and gracilis.
:Route - through the iliopsoas, medial to the ilial shaft and then through the obturator foramen.
Sensory innervation - none.
Route - through the iliopsoas, medial to the ilial shaft and then through the obturator foramen.
'''Gluteal Nerves'''
'''Gluteal Nerves'''
:Origin - L6, L7 and S1.
Origin - L6, L7 and S1.
:Motor innervation - gluteal muscles, tensor fascia lata, biceps femoris and semitendinosus.
:Sensory innervation - none.
Motor innervation - gluteal muscles, tensor fascia lata, biceps femoris and semitendinosus.
:Route - direct to the gluteals
Sensory innervation - none.
Route - direct to the gluteals
'''Sciatic Nerve'''
'''Sciatic Nerve'''
:Origin - L6, L7, S1 and S2.
Origin - L6, L7, S1 and S2.
:Motor innervation - biceps femoris, semintendinosus, semimembranosus.
:Sensory innervation - the nerve divides into the tibial and fibula nerves where cutaneous fibres run.
Motor innervation - biceps femoris, semintendinosus, semimembranosus.
:Route - the largest nerve in the body. It leaves the pelvis at the greater sciatic notch and curves in a ventral caudal direction around the hip joint. It runs distocaudally over the femur, between the biceps femoris medially and the adductor, semimembranosus and semitendinosus muscles medially. It then divides into the tibial and fibular nerves.
Sensory innervation - the nerve divides into the tibial and fibula nerves where cutaneous fibres run.
Route - the largest nerve in the body. It leaves the pelvis at the greater sciatic notch and curves in a ventral caudal direction around the hip joint. It runs distocaudally over the femur, between the biceps femoris medially and the adductor, semimembranosus and semitendinosus muscles medially. It then divides into the tibial and fibular nerves.
'''Tibial Nerve'''
'''Tibial Nerve'''
:Origin - the sciatic nerve.
Origin - the sciatic nerve.
:Motor innervation - extensors of the hock, flexors of the digits, popliteal muscle.
:Sensory innervation - caudal aspect of the limb below the stifle.
Motor innervation - extensors of the hock, flexors of the digits, popliteal muscle.
:Route - it runs caudal to the stifle joint into the muscle.
Sensory innervation - caudal aspect of the limb below the stifle.
Route - it runs caudal to the stifle joint into the muscle.
'''Fibular (Peroneal Nerve)'''
'''Fibular (Peroneal Nerve)'''
:Origin - the sciatic nerve.
Origin - the sciatic nerve.
:Motor innervation - flexors of the hock, extensors of the digits.
:Sensory innervation - cranial and lateral aspect of the limb.
Motor innervation - flexors of the hock, extensors of the digits.
:Route - caudal to the stifle.
Sensory innervation - cranial and lateral aspect of the limb.
Route - caudal to the stifle.
==Species Specifics==
==Species Specifics==
Click here for information on the [[Canine Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology|canine hindlimb]].
Click here for information on the [[Canine Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology|canine hindlimb]].
Click here for information on the [[Bovine Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology|bovine hindlimb]].
Click here for information on the [[Bovine Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology|bovine hindlimb]].
==Webinars==
<rss max="10" highlight="none">https://www.thewebinarvet.com/orthopaedics/webinars/feed</rss>
[[Category:Musculoskeletal System - Anatomy & Physiology]]
[[Category:Musculoskeletal System - Anatomy & Physiology]]
[[Category:To Do - AimeeHicks]][[Category:To Do - Review]]
[[Category:A&P Done]]