Changes

==Common structures of the Proximal Hindlimb and Pelvis==

==Common structures of the Proximal Hindlimb and Pelvis==

#The '''sacrotuberous ligament''' - is highly variable among species.

#The '''sacrotuberous ligament''' - is highly variable among species.

===Coxafemoral/Hip Joint===

|videos = [[Video: Sacro-tuberous (sacro-sciatic) ligament dissection|Sacro-tuberous (sacro-sciatic) ligament dissection]]

 

===Coxofemoral/Hip Joint===

This is a spheroidal joint formed by the femoral head and the '''acetabulum'''. The '''acetabulum''' is formed by all three pelvic bones and an additional '''small acetabular bone''' in carnivores. The craniolateral part is made by the ilium, the caudolateral part by the ischium and the medial part by the pubis. The cavity of the acetabulum consists of a peripheral '''articular lunate surface''' and the non-articular '''acetabular fossa''' in its centre. The lunate surface is crescent shaped and has on its medial aspect the '''acetabular notch'''. Cattle also have a '''cranioventral notch ''' present. The '''acetabular lip''' is a band of fibrocartilage that lies on the acetabular rim, thus deepening the acetabulum. The joint capsule is large and attaches to the acetabular lip.

This is a spheroidal joint formed by the femoral head and the '''acetabulum'''. The '''acetabulum''' is formed by all three pelvic bones and an additional '''small acetabular bone''' in carnivores. The craniolateral part is made by the ilium, the caudolateral part by the ischium and the medial part by the pubis. The cavity of the acetabulum consists of a peripheral '''articular lunate surface''' and the non-articular '''acetabular fossa''' in its centre. The lunate surface is crescent shaped and has on its medial aspect the '''acetabular notch'''. Cattle also have a '''cranioventral notch ''' present. The '''acetabular lip''' is a band of fibrocartilage that lies on the acetabular rim, thus deepening the acetabulum. The joint capsule is large and attaches to the acetabular lip.

'''''Gracilis'''''

'''''Gracilis'''''

:Function - adductor of the limb, extends the stifle.

:Function - adductor of the limb, extends the hip.

:Origin - from an aponeurosis of the pelvic symphysis, the insertional tendons of the straight muscle of the abdomen. A tendinous plate is formed between the two aponeurosi of the gracilis' on which the adductor muscles originate.

:Origin - from an aponeurosis of the pelvic symphysis, the insertional tendons of the straight muscle of the abdomen. A tendinous plate is formed between the two aponeurosi of the gracilis' on which the adductor muscles originate.

:Insertion - An aponeurotic insertion with the crural fascia that attaches to the tibial crest.

:Insertion - An aponeurotic insertion with the crural fascia that attaches to the tibial crest.

:Insertion - a broad tendon on the medial and caudal surface of the proximal tibia.  

:Insertion - a broad tendon on the medial and caudal surface of the proximal tibia.  

:Location - On the caudal aspect of the stifle and runs under the lateral collateral ligament before it inserts.

:Location - On the caudal aspect of the stifle and runs under the lateral collateral ligament before it inserts.

==Vasculature of the Hindlimb==

==Vasculature of the Hindlimb==

'''Femoral Nerve'''

'''Femoral Nerve'''

 

:Origin - cranial part of the lumbosacral plexus, L4 and L5. (Sometimes L3 and L6)

Origin - cranial part of the lumbosacral plexus, L4 and L5. (Sometimes L3 and L6)

:Motor innervation - Quadriceps and iliopsoas muscle.

 

:Sensory innervation - the medial aspect of the limb.  

Motor innervation - Quadriceps and iliopsoas muscle.

:Route - through the iliopsoas.

 

Sensory innervation - the medial aspect of the limb.  

 

Route - through the iliopsoas.

'''Obturator Nerve'''

'''Obturator Nerve'''

 

:Origin - middle part of the lumbosacral plexus, L5 and L6.

Origin - middle part of the lumbosacral plexus, L5 and L6.

:Motor innervation - adductor muscles; external obturator, adductor and gracilis.

 

:Sensory innervation - none.

Motor innervation - adductor muscles; external obturator, adductor and gracilis.

:Route - through the iliopsoas, medial to the ilial shaft and then through the obturator foramen.

 

Sensory innervation - none.

 

Route - through the iliopsoas, medial to the ilial shaft and then through the obturator foramen.

'''Gluteal Nerves'''

'''Gluteal Nerves'''

 

:Origin - L6, L7 and S1.

Origin - L6, L7 and S1.

:Motor innervation - gluteal muscles, tensor fascia lata, biceps femoris and semitendinosus.

 

:Sensory innervation - none.

Motor innervation - gluteal muscles, tensor fascia lata, biceps femoris and semitendinosus.

:Route - direct to the gluteals

 

Sensory innervation - none.

 

Route - direct to the gluteals

'''Sciatic Nerve'''

'''Sciatic Nerve'''

 

:Origin - L6, L7, S1 and S2.

Origin - L6, L7, S1 and S2.

:Motor innervation - biceps femoris, semintendinosus, semimembranosus.

 

:Sensory innervation - the nerve divides into the tibial and fibula nerves where cutaneous fibres run.

Motor innervation - biceps femoris, semintendinosus, semimembranosus.

:Route - the largest nerve in the body. It leaves the pelvis at the greater sciatic notch and curves in a ventral caudal direction around the hip joint. It runs distocaudally over the femur, between the biceps femoris medially and the adductor, semimembranosus and semitendinosus muscles medially. It then divides into the tibial and fibular nerves.

 

Sensory innervation - the nerve divides into the tibial and fibula nerves where cutaneous fibres run.

 

Route - the largest nerve in the body. It leaves the pelvis at the greater sciatic notch and curves in a ventral caudal direction around the hip joint. It runs distocaudally over the femur, between the biceps femoris medially and the adductor, semimembranosus and semitendinosus muscles medially. It then divides into the tibial and fibular nerves.

'''Tibial Nerve'''

'''Tibial Nerve'''

 

:Origin - the sciatic nerve.

Origin - the sciatic nerve.

:Motor innervation - extensors of the hock, flexors of the digits, popliteal muscle.

 

:Sensory innervation - caudal aspect of the limb below the stifle.

Motor innervation - extensors of the hock, flexors of the digits, popliteal muscle.

:Route - it runs caudal to the stifle joint into the muscle.

 

Sensory innervation - caudal aspect of the limb below the stifle.

 

Route - it runs caudal to the stifle joint into the muscle.

'''Fibular (Peroneal Nerve)'''

'''Fibular (Peroneal Nerve)'''

 

:Origin - the sciatic nerve.

Origin - the sciatic nerve.

:Motor innervation - flexors of the hock, extensors of the digits.

 

:Sensory innervation - cranial and lateral aspect of the limb.

Motor innervation - flexors of the hock, extensors of the digits.

:Route - caudal to the stifle.

 

Sensory innervation - cranial and lateral aspect of the limb.

 

Route - caudal to the stifle.

==Species Specifics==

==Species Specifics==

Click here for information on the [[Canine Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology|canine hindlimb]].

Click here for information on the [[Canine Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology|canine hindlimb]].

Click here for information on the [[Bovine Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology|bovine hindlimb]].

Click here for information on the [[Bovine Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology|bovine hindlimb]].

 

[[Category:Musculoskeletal System - Anatomy & Physiology]]

[[Category:Musculoskeletal System - Anatomy & Physiology]]

[[Category:To Do - AimeeHicks]][[Category:To Do - Review]]

[[Category:A&P Done]]