Changes

:'''Olfaction Example'''

:'''Olfaction Example'''

:''Priform cortex —→ Olfactory tubercle —→ Olfactory Bulb —→ [[Nose - Anatomy & Physiology|Smell]]''

:''Piriform cortex —→ Olfactory tubercle —→ Olfactory Bulb —→ [[Nose - Anatomy & Physiology|Smell]]''

:'''Taste Example'''

:'''Taste Example'''

===Olfactory Nerve (I)===

===Olfactory Nerve (I)===

Olfaction is part of the special senses cranial nerve group and represents the chemical senses of olfaction (smell) and gustation (taste). When chemical substances interact with our bodies they stimulate special sensory cells which in turn generate an action potential. The resultant impulse is sent to the brain via sensory afferent fibres and it is these fibres that represent the olfactory cranial nerve. Note: an action potential is only generated where a special sensory cell for that particular chemical substance exists. If no sensory cell exists, that chemical substance will go undetected. The special sensory cells are found within the olfactory mucous membrane in the nasal fundus and the olfactory neurosensory cells are found within the olfactory epithelium. The olfactory epithelium contains cilia on the surface of the cells to increase the surface area for chemical interactions.

Olfaction is part of the special senses cranial nerve group and represents the chemical senses of olfaction (smell) and gustation (taste). When chemical substances interact with our bodies they stimulate special sensory cells which in turn generate an action potential. The resultant impulse is sent to the brain via sensory afferent fibres and it is these fibres that represent the olfactory cranial nerve. Note: an action potential is only generated where a special sensory cell for that particular chemical substance exists. If no sensory cell exists, that chemical substance will go undetected. The olfactory neurosensory cells are found within the olfactory epithelium. The olfactory epithelium contains cilia on the surface of the cells to increase the surface area for chemical interactions.

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===Optic Nerve (II)===

===Optic Nerve (II)===

The optic nerve is part of the special senses cranial nerves and represents the connection between the receptor cells of the [[Eye - Anatomy & Physiology#The Wall (retina, uvea and sclera)|retina]] and the [[Forebrain - Anatomy & Physiology|diencephalon]]. The optic nerve is a sensory nerve and is composed of '''Special Somatic Afferent fibres'''. The optic nerve passes through the [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology#Sphenoid Bone (os_sphenoidale)|'''optic chiasm''']] which is an area of the ventral brain where both optic nerves run in a medial direction and eventually decussate. The optic nerve runs through the [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology#Sphenoid Bone (os_sphenoidale)|'''optic canal''']].

The optic nerve is part of the special senses cranial nerves and represents the connection between the receptor cells of the [[Eye - Anatomy & Physiology#The Wall (retina, uvea and sclera)|retina]] and the [[Forebrain - Anatomy & Physiology|diencephalon]]. The optic nerve is a sensory nerve and is composed of '''Special Somatic Afferent fibres'''. Optic nerve axons  pass from the optic disc of the retina to the brain, entering the skull via the [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology#Sphenoid Bone (os_sphenoidale)|'''optic canal''']]. The majority of axons decussate at the [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology#Sphenoid Bone (os_sphenoidale)|'''optic chiasm''']] before continuing as the optic tracts.  

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===Oculomotor nerve (III)===

===Oculomotor nerve (III)===

The oculomotor nerve is part of the group of cranial nerves responsible for innervating the [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology#Facial_Muscles|muscles of the head]]. The nerves originate from the ventral [[Midbrain - Anatomy & Physiology|midbrain]] and is a motor nerve. It is composed of '''general somatic efferent fibres''' and '''general visceral efferent fibres'''. The general somatic efferent fibres of the oculomotor nerve are responsible for the motor function of four of the six [[Eye - Anatomy & Physiology#Around_the_Eye|external muscles of the eyeball]]; the 'dorsal rectus', 'medial rectus', 'ventral rectus', 'ventral oblique' and 'levator of the upper eyelid'. The general visceral efferent fibres of the oculomotor nerve are responsible for the control of pupil diameter and therefore control the 'spincter pupillae' muscle and the 'ciliaris' muscle.

The oculomotor nerve is part of the group of cranial nerves responsible for innervating the [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology#Facial_Muscles|muscles of the head]]. The nerves originate from the ventral [[Midbrain - Anatomy & Physiology|midbrain]] and is a motor nerve. It is composed of '''general somatic efferent fibres''' and '''general visceral efferent fibres'''. The general somatic efferent fibres of the oculomotor nerve are responsible for the motor function of four of the six [[Eye - Anatomy & Physiology#Around_the_Eye|external muscles of the eyeball]]; the 'dorsal rectus', 'medial rectus', 'ventral rectus', 'ventral oblique' and 'levator of the upper eyelid'. The general visceral efferent fibres of the oculomotor nerve control the 'sphincter pupillae' muscle (alters pupillary diameter) and the 'ciliaris' muscle (alters curvature of the lens).

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===Trigeminal nerve (V)===

===Trigeminal nerve (V)===

The trigeminal nerve is part of the cranial nerve group responsible for innervation of structures originating from branchial arches. The trigeminal nerve nuclei is in the area of the pons and medulla oblongata and is the nerve of the 1st branchial arch. In general terms the trigeminal represents the sensory nerve of the head but also provides motor fibres to structures also associated with the 1st branchial arch. There are three primary branches of the trigeminal nerve; the '''Opthalmic nerve (V1)''', the ''' Maxillary nerve (V2)''' and the '''Mandibular nerve (V3)'''.

The trigeminal nerve is part of the cranial nerve group responsible for innervation of structures originating from branchial arches. The trigeminal nerve nuclei are in the area of the pons and medulla oblongata and it is the nerve of the 1st branchial arch. In general terms the trigeminal represents the sensory nerve of the head but also provides motor fibres to structures also associated with the 1st branchial arch. There are three primary branches of the trigeminal nerve; the '''Opthalmic nerve (V1)''', the ''' Maxillary nerve (V2)''' and the '''Mandibular nerve (V3)'''.

====Opthalmic nerve (V1)====

====Ophthalmic nerve (V1)====

The opthalmic nerve is a sensory nerve composed of '''general somatic afferent fibres''' and passes through the [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology#Major Foramen and Canals|'''orbital fissue''']]. As it enters the orbit of the eye it splits further into the '''lacrimal nerve''', the '''frontal nerve''', the '''nasociliary nerve''' and the '''infratrochlear nerve'''. Therefore the nerve supplies sensory fibres to many aspects of the eye orbit.

The ophthalmic nerve is a sensory nerve composed of '''general somatic afferent fibres''' and passes through the [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology#Major Foramen and Canals|'''orbital fissure''']]. As it enters the orbit of the eye it splits further into the '''lacrimal nerve''', the '''frontal nerve''', the '''nasociliary nerve''' and the '''infratrochlear nerve'''. Therefore the nerve supplies sensory fibres to many components of the orbit.

====Maxillary nerve (V2)====

====Maxillary nerve (V2)====

===Abducent nerve (VI)===

===Abducent nerve (VI)===

The abducent nerve is part of the cranial nerve group responsible for innervation of the muscles of the head. The abducent nerve originates from the medulla oblongata and is a motor nerve. It is composed of '''general somatic efferent fibres''' which are responsible for controlling the 'lateral rectus' muscle and the 'restractor bulbi' muscle of the eye. The nerve passes through the '''orbital fissure''' and can be found within the same layer of the meninges as the opthalmic branch (V1) of the trigeminal nerve (V).

The abducent nerve is part of the cranial nerve group responsible for innervation of the muscles of the head. The abducent nerve originates from the medulla oblongata and is a motor nerve. It is composed of '''general somatic efferent fibres''' which are responsible for controlling the 'lateral rectus' muscle and the 'retractor bulbi' muscle of the eye. The nerve passes through the '''orbital fissure''' and can be found within the same layer of the meninges as the opthalmic branch (V1) of the trigeminal nerve (V).

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During a clinical examination, medial deviation stribismus may indicate a problem with this nerve.

During a clinical examination, medial deviation strabismus may indicate a problem with this nerve.

===Facial nerve (VII)===

===Facial nerve (VII)===

| '''II - Optic'''

| '''II - Optic'''

| Optic chiasma

| Diencephalon (via optic chiasm)

| Optic canal

| Optic canal

| SSA

| SSA

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| '''III - Occulomotor'''

| '''III - Oculomotor'''

| Midbrain

| Midbrain

| Orbital fissure and Round Foramen

| Orbital fissure

| GSE + GVE

| GSE + GVE

| Nuculi III

| Oculomotor motor nucleus

| Extraoccular mm.

| Extraoccular mm.

Constrictor pupulli

Constrictor pupilli

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|-

| '''IV - Trochlear'''

| '''IV - Trochlear'''

| Midbrain (dorsal)

| Midbrain (dorsal)

| Round Foramen

| Orbital fissure

| GSE

| GSE

| Nuc IV

| Trochlear nucleus

| Dorsal oblique mm.

| Dorsal oblique mm.

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| Pons

| Pons

| V1 - Orbital fissure  

| V1 - Orbital fissure  

V2 - Round Foramen and Orbital Fissure

V2 - Round Foramen/Rostral alar foramen

V3 - Oval Foramen

V3 - Oval Foramen

V3 - GSA & GSE

V3 - GSA & GSE

| V1 - Trigeminal gangion

| V1 - Trigeminal gangion (GSA)

V2 - Trigeminal ganglion

V2 - Trigeminal ganglion (GSA)

V3 - Nuculi V

V3 - Trigeminal ganglion (GSA), Geniculate ganglion (SVA), Trigeminal motor nucleus (motor)

| V1 - Eye region

| V1 - Eye region

V2 - Upper jaw inc. teeth

V2 - Upper jaw inc. teeth

V3 - mm. of arch 1

V3 - mm. of arch 1, lower jaw, rostral 2/3 tongue

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| Orbital fissure

| Orbital fissure

| GSE

| GSE

| Nuc IV

| Abducent nucleus

| Lateral rectus and retractor bulbi mm.

| Lateral rectus and retractor bulbi mm.

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| '''VII - Facial'''

| '''VII - Facial'''

| Medulla oblongata

| Medulla oblongata

| Stylomastoid foramen

| Internal acoustic meatus/facial canal/stylomastoid foramen

| SVA + GVE + GSE

| SVA + GVE + GSE + GSA

| Nuc III

| Facial motor nucleus

(Taste - gleniailate ganglion)

Geniculate ganglion

| mm. of arch 2

| mm. of arch 2

Submaxillary and sublingual glands

Submaxillary and sublingual glands

Rostral 2/3 taste

Rostral 2/3 tongue

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| '''VIII - Vestibulocochlear'''

| '''VIII - Vestibulocochlear'''

| Medulla oblongata

| Medulla oblongata

| Inner accoustic meatus

| Internal acoustic meatus

| SSA

| SSA

| Vestibular ganglion  

| Vestibular ganglion, spiral ganglion  

| Maculae and cristae

| Maculae and cristae

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| '''IX - Glossopharyngeal'''

| '''IX - Glossopharyngeal'''

| Medulla oblongata

| Medulla oblongata

| Jugular foramen

| Jugular foramen/tympanooccipital fissure

| GSE GVA GVE GSA SVA

| GSE GVA GVE GSA SVA

| Ganglia IX - SVM

| Glossopharyngeal ganglion

Nuculi ambiguous - mm. arch 3  

Glossopharyngeal parasympathetic nucleus, nucleus ambiguus - mm. arch 3  

| Carotid gland

| Carotid gland

Caudal 1/3 taste

Caudal 1/3 tongue

mm. of arch 3

mm. of arch 3

| '''X - Vagus'''

| '''X - Vagus'''

| Medulla oblongata

| Medulla oblongata

| Jugular foramen

| Jugular foramen/tympanooccipital fissure

| GSE GVA GVE SVA GSA

| GSE GVA GVE SVA GSA

| Ganglion X - (amongst others)

| Vagal ganglion - (amongst others)

| Thoracic and abdominal organs

| Thoracic and abdominal organs

mm. of arches 4-6

mm. of arches 4-6

| '''XI - Accessory'''

| '''XI - Accessory'''

| Medulla oblongata

| Medulla oblongata

| Jugular foramen

| Jugular foramen/tympanooccipital fissure

| GSE

| GSE

| Cervical spinal cord

| Nucleus ambiguus, accessory motor nucleus (cervical spinal cord)

| Trapezius m. etc

| Trapezius m. etc

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| Hypoglossal canal

| Hypoglossal canal

| GSE

| GSE

| Medulla nuculi XII

| Hypoglossal nucleus

| Tongue mm.

| Tongue mm.

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}}

}}

[[Category:Nervous System - Anatomy & Physiology]]

[[Category:Nervous System - Anatomy & Physiology]]

[[Category:A&P Done]]

[[Category:A&P Done]]