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=='''Craniolateral Muscles of the Crus'''==

=='''Craniolateral Muscles of the Crus'''==

These muscles arise from the distal [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Femur|femur]] or proximal [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tibia and Fibula|tibia]] tibia or [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tibia and Fibula|fibula]]. Their tendinous insertions are often multiarticular and insert on the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpals and Metatarsals|metatarsals]] or [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy|phalanges]]. They are innervated by the '''peroneal nerve'''.  

These muscles arise from the distal [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Femur|femur]] or proximal [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tibia and Fibula|tibia]] tibia or [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tibia and Fibula|fibula]]. Their tendinous insertions are often multiarticular and insert on the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpals and Metatarsals|metatarsals]] or [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy|phalanges]]. They are innervated by the '''peroneal nerve'''.  

==='''Flexors of the tarsus'''===

==='''Flexors of the tarsus'''===

'''''Cranial Tibial (Tibialis Cranialis)'''''

'''''Cranial Tibial (Tibialis Cranialis)'''''

:'''Origin''': Lateral condyle and tuberosity of the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tibia and Fibula|tibia]]

:'''Origin''': Lateral condyle and tuberosity of the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tibia and Fibula|tibia]]

:'''Insertion''': Bifurcates into a medial and lateral branch. The lateral branch inserts on the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpals and Metatarsals|metatarsal tuberosity]].  The medial branch inserts on the combined first and second [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|tarsal bones]]. The medial branch is also known as the '''cunean tendon'''.

:'''Insertion''': Bifurcates into a medial and lateral branch. The lateral branch inserts on the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpals and Metatarsals|metatarsal tuberosity]].  The medial branch inserts on the combined first and second [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|tarsal bones]]. The medial branch is also known as the '''cunean tendon'''.

:'''Action''': Flexes the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Joint|tarsus]] (hock)

:'''Action''': Flexes the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Joint|tarsus]] (hock)

:Its tendinous insertion has a synovial sheath, and a bursa is present between its medial branch and the medial ligament of the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Joint|tarsus]] (hock).

:Its tendinous insertion has a synovial sheath, and a bursa is present between its medial branch and the medial ligament of the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Joint|tarsus]] (hock).

'''''Peroneus tertius'''''

'''''Peroneus tertius'''''

:'''Origin''': Extensor fossa of the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Femur|femur]]

:'''Origin''': Extensor fossa of the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Femur|femur]]

:'''Insertion''': Proximal extremity of the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpals and Metatarsals|third metatarsal]] and [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|third tarsal]] bone. Also the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|calcaneus]] and [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|fourth tarsal]] bones.

:'''Insertion''': Proximal extremity of the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpals and Metatarsals|third metatarsal]] and [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|third tarsal]] bone. Also the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|calcaneus]] and [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|fourth tarsal]] bones.

:'''Action''': An almost exclusively tendinous muscle that plays an important part in the [[Stay Apparatus - Horse Anatomy|Stay Apparatus]]

:'''Action''': An almost exclusively tendinous muscle that plays an important part in the [[Stay Apparatus - Horse Anatomy|Stay Apparatus]]

'''''Long digital extensor'''''

'''''Long digital extensor'''''

:'''Origin''': Extensor fossa of the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Femur|femur]], shared tendon of origin with the third fibular muscle

:'''Origin''': Extensor fossa of the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Femur|femur]], shared tendon of origin with the third fibular muscle

:'''Insertion''': Extensor process of the [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Distal Phalanx|distal phalanx]], and the dorsal surfaces of the proximal extremities of the [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Proximal Phalanx|proximal]] and [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Middle Phalanx|middle]] phalanges

:'''Insertion''': Extensor process of the [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Distal Phalanx|distal phalanx]], and the dorsal surfaces of the proximal extremities of the [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Proximal Phalanx|proximal]] and [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Middle Phalanx|middle]] phalanges

:'''Action''': Extends the digits, assists in flexing the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Joint|tarsus]] (hock)

:'''Action''': Extends the digits, assists in flexing the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Joint|tarsus]] (hock)

:Its tendon of insertion passes over the front of the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Joint|hock]] , and is held in place by three annular ligaments (proximal, middle and distal) and a synovial sheath. The [[Tendons - Horse Anatomy#Extensors|tendon]] of the lateral digital extensor joins the tendon in the approximately the middle of the[[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpals and Metatarsals|third metatarsal]] (cannon) bone. It is also joined by two branches of the [[Tendons - Horse Anatomy#Flexors|suspensory ligament]] before its insertion.

:Its tendon of insertion passes over the front of the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Joint|hock]] , and is held in place by three annular ligaments (proximal, middle and distal) and a synovial sheath. The [[Tendons - Horse Anatomy#Extensors|tendon]] of the lateral digital extensor joins the tendon in the approximately the middle of the[[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpals and Metatarsals|third metatarsal]] (cannon) bone. It is also joined by two branches of the [[Tendons - Horse Anatomy#Flexors|suspensory ligament]] before its insertion.

'''''Lateral digital extensor'''''

'''''Lateral digital extensor'''''

:'''Origin''': Lateral patella ligament,  proximal [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tibia and Fibula|fibula]], lateral border of the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tibia and Fibula|tibia]] and the interosseous ligament. It lies between the ''long digital extensor'' muscle and the ''long flexor muscle of the first digit''.

:'''Origin''': Lateral patella ligament,  proximal [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tibia and Fibula|fibula]], lateral border of the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tibia and Fibula|tibia]] and the interosseous ligament. It lies between the ''long digital extensor'' muscle and the ''long flexor muscle of the first digit''.

:'''Insertion''': [[Tendons - Horse Anatomy#Extensors|Long digital extensor tendon]]

:'''Insertion''': [[Tendons - Horse Anatomy#Extensors|Long digital extensor tendon]]

:'''Action''': It appears to have no function, apart from maybe to support the ''long digital extensor''.

:'''Action''': It appears to have no function, apart from maybe to support the ''long digital extensor''.

'''''Gastrocnemius'''''

'''''Gastrocnemius'''''

:'''Origin''': Lateral head from the lateral supracondyloid crest of the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Femur|femur]]. The medial head from the medial supracondyloid crest.

:'''Origin''': Lateral head from the lateral supracondyloid crest of the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Femur|femur]]. The medial head from the medial supracondyloid crest.

:'''Insertion''': [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|calcaneus]] as part of the '''common calcaneal tendon'''

:'''Insertion''': [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|calcaneus]] as part of the '''common calcaneal tendon'''

:'''Action''': Extends the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Joint|tarsus]], assists in flexing the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Stifle Joint|stifle]]

:'''Action''': Extends the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Joint|tarsus]], assists in flexing the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Stifle Joint|stifle]]

:The two bellies combine in the middle of the crus, which twists around to the dorsal aspect of the ''superficial digital flexor''. A large bursa lies between these two tendons and a small bursa lies between the gastrocnemius and the its point of insertion on the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|calcaneus]].

:The two bellies combine in the middle of the crus, which twists around to the dorsal aspect of the ''superficial digital flexor''. A large bursa lies between these two tendons and a small bursa lies between the gastrocnemius and the its point of insertion on the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|calcaneus]].

'''''Soleus'''''

'''''Soleus'''''

:'''Origin''': Head of the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tibia and Fibula|fibula]]  

:'''Origin''': Head of the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tibia and Fibula|fibula]]  

:'''Insertion''': Joins the lateral head of the ''gastrocnemius'' to become part of the gastrocnemius tendon

:'''Insertion''': Joins the lateral head of the ''gastrocnemius'' to become part of the gastrocnemius tendon

:'''Action''': Mainly to assist the ''gastrocnemius''

:'''Action''': Mainly to assist the ''gastrocnemius''

'''''Superficial digital flexor'''''

'''''Superficial digital flexor'''''

:'''Origin''': Supracondylar fossa on the caudal [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Femur|femur]], attached to the lateral head of the ''gastrocnemius''

:'''Origin''': Supracondylar fossa on the caudal [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Femur|femur]], attached to the lateral head of the ''gastrocnemius''

:'''Insertion''': [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|Calcaneus]], the eminences on the sides of the proximal extremity of the [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Middle Phalanx|middle phalanx]], and the distal extremity of the [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Proximal Phalanx|proximal phalanx]]  behind the collateral ligament of the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Proximal Interphalangeal (Pastern) Joint|proximal interphalangeal]] (pastern) joint .

:'''Insertion''': [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|Calcaneus]], the eminences on the sides of the proximal extremity of the [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Middle Phalanx|middle phalanx]], and the distal extremity of the [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Proximal Phalanx|proximal phalanx]]  behind the collateral ligament of the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Proximal Interphalangeal (Pastern) Joint|proximal interphalangeal]] (pastern) joint .

:'''Action''': Extends the digit, assists in extending the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Joint|tarsus]] and flexing the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Stifle Joint|stifle]].

:'''Action''': Extends the digit, assists in extending the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Joint|tarsus]] and flexing the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Stifle Joint|stifle]].

:Almost entirely tendinous, major component of the '''common cunean tendon''' which forms the caudal part of the [[Stay Apparatus - Horse Anatomy#Reciprocal Mechanism|reciprocal apparatus]].

:Almost entirely tendinous, major component of the '''common cunean tendon''' which forms the caudal part of the [[Stay Apparatus - Horse Anatomy#Reciprocal Mechanism|reciprocal apparatus]].

:Widens at the point of the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Joint|hock]] to form a cap over the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|calcaneal tuberosity]]. The calcaneal bursa lies between the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|calcaneal tuberosity]] and the [[Tendons - Horse Anatomy#Flexors|superficial digital flexor tendon]].  

:Widens at the point of the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Joint|hock]] to form a cap over the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|calcaneal tuberosity]]. The calcaneal bursa lies between the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|calcaneal tuberosity]] and the [[Tendons - Horse Anatomy#Flexors|superficial digital flexor tendon]].  

'''''Deep digital flexor'''''

'''''Deep digital flexor'''''

:'''Origin''': The deep digital flexor muscle has three heads, originating from the lateral condyle of the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tibia and Fibula|fibula]], the caudal and medial aspect of the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tibia and Fibula|tibia]].  

:'''Origin''': The deep digital flexor muscle has three heads, originating from the lateral condyle of the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tibia and Fibula|fibula]], the caudal and medial aspect of the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tibia and Fibula|tibia]].  

:'''Insertion''': Semilunar crest and adjacent surface of the cartilage of the [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Distal Phalanx|distal phalanx]], continues as the [[Tendons - Horse Anatomy#Flexors|deep digital flexor tendon]] to insert on the [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Distal Phalanx|distal phalanx]]

:'''Insertion''': Semilunar crest and adjacent surface of the cartilage of the [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Distal Phalanx|distal phalanx]], continues as the [[Tendons - Horse Anatomy#Flexors|deep digital flexor tendon]] to insert on the [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Distal Phalanx|distal phalanx]]

:'''Action''': Flexes the digit

:'''Action''': Flexes the digit

:The tendon has a synovial sheath from the distal fourth of the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tibia and Fibula|tibia]], to a third of the way down the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpals and Metatarsals|metatarsus]].

:The tendon has a synovial sheath from the distal fourth of the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tibia and Fibula|tibia]], to a third of the way down the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpals and Metatarsals|metatarsus]].

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[[Category:To Do - AP Review]]

 

 

 

[[Category:Muscles

 

- Horse Anatomy]]