Changes

==Eyelid injuries==

==Eyelid Injuries==

The skin over the whole of the skull in most birds is '''not very elastic''' and is '''adherent to bone'''. Any wound more than a few days old tends to '''contract and fibrose'''.

The skin over the whole of the skull in most birds is '''not very elastic''' and is '''adherent to bone'''. Any wound more than a few days old tends to '''contract and fibrose'''.

The '''lower eyelid''' of birds is the most mobile and special care should be taken to restore its anatomy if it has been traumatised. Even small wounds should be treated '''surgically''' under local anaesthesia using monofilament non-absorbable suture material.

The '''lower eyelid''' of birds is the most mobile and special care should be taken to restore its anatomy if it has been traumatised. Even small wounds should be treated '''surgically''' under local anaesthesia using monofilament non-absorbable suture material.

==Nictitating membrane injuries==

==Nictitating Membrane Injuries==

It is well developed, and if damaged this can have severe consequences due to its role in '''spreading the pre-corneal tear film''', protective blinking and cleaning of the corneal surface.

It is well developed, and if damaged, can have severe consequences due to its role in '''spreading the pre-corneal tear film'', protective blinking and cleaning of the corneal surface.

It is commonly traumatised in birds of prey, and should be evaluated in raptors with slow-healing corneal problems.

It is commonly traumatised in birds of prey, and should be evaluated in raptors with slow-healing corneal problems.

'''Foreign bodies''' can also become lodged between the lower eyelid and the nictitating membrane, and can easily be removed under local anaesthesia.

'''Foreign bodies''' can also become lodged between the lower eyelid and the nictitating membrane, and can easily be removed under local anaesthesia.

==Eye globe and corneal injuries==

==Eye Globe and Corneal Injuries==

The eye globe is very large in birds with a large posterior segment and a small anterior segment and cornea.

The eye globe is very large in birds with a large posterior segment and a small anterior segment and cornea.

Severe corneal injuries might benefit from a '''temporary tarsorrhaphy'''.

Severe corneal injuries might benefit from a '''temporary tarsorrhaphy'''.

==Iris and uvea injuries==

==Iris and Uvea Injuries==

Tears in the iris and uvea are commonly seen in raptors after trauma. '''Hyphema and vitreous haemorrhage''' can be extensive and the sceral ossicles can occasionally fracture.

Tears in the iris and uvea are commonly seen in raptors after trauma. '''Hyphema and vitreous haemorrhage''' can be extensive and the screlar ossicles can occasionally fracture.

'''Secondary cataract''' will develop if iridal tissue damage is extensive. It should be differentiated from congenital cataract associated with microphthalmus, inherited cataract and cataract associated with old age.

'''Secondary cataract''' will develop if iridal tissue damage is extensive. It should be differentiated from congenital cataract associated with microphthalmus, inherited cataract and cataract associated with old age.

Treatment is possibly via '''extracapsular cataract extraction''', but vision is not always fully restored.

Treatment is possibly via '''extracapsular cataract extraction''', but vision is not always fully restored.

==Lens luxation==

==Lens Luxation==

This is usually seen in very '''severely traumatised eyes'''. It leads to further '''uveitis''' due to leakage of the lens protein into the anterior chamber and '''phacoemulsification''' might be necessary to remove the lens if there is no response to '''non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication'''.

This is usually seen in very '''severely traumatised eyes'''. It leads to further '''uveitis''' due to leakage of the lens protein into the anterior chamber and '''phacoemulsification''' might be necessary to remove the lens if there is no response to '''non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication'''.

==Retinal trauma==

==Retinal Trauma==

'''Retinal detachment and tearing''' can be seen after accidents and gun shot wounds.

'''Retinal detachment and tearing''' can be seen after accidents and gun shot wounds.

'''Wild birds''' with reduced vision '''cannot be safely released back into their natural habitat''' and will have to adapt to a life in captivity. This might be especially '''difficult in birds of prey'''.

'''Wild birds''' with reduced vision '''cannot be safely released back into their natural habitat''' and will have to adapt to a life in captivity. This might be especially '''difficult in birds of prey'''.

{{Learning

{{Learning

|flashcards = [[Avian Medicine Q&A 17]]

|flashcards = [[Avian Medicine Q&A 17]]

}}

}}

Coles, B. (2007) '''Essentials of avian medicine and surgery''' ''John Wiley and Sons''

Coles, B. (2007) '''Essentials of avian medicine and surgery''' ''John Wiley and Sons''

Samour, J. (2000) '''Avian medicine''' ''Elsevier Health Sciences''

Samour, J. (2000) '''Avian medicine''' ''Elsevier Health Sciences''

[[Category:To Do - Helen]]

 

[[Category:To Do - Review]]

 

 

[[Category:Neurological Diseases - Birds]]

[[Category:Expert Review - Bird]]