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Definition (i) does not provide any recommendation for nutrient levels that would be appropriate for a feed to be considered ‘complete’ - FEDIAF’s<ref>FEDIAF website: http://www.fediaf.org/</ref> [http://www.fediaf.org/self-regulation/nutrition/ Nutritional Guidelines] list minimum recommended nutrient levels for commercial pet foods and can be used as a guidance document to determine whether or not a pet food is complete for healthy dogs and cats.
Definition (i) does not provide any recommendation for nutrient levels that would be appropriate for a feed to be considered ‘complete’ - FEDIAF’s<ref>FEDIAF website: http://www.fediaf.org/ accessed May 2017</ref> [http://www.fediaf.org/self-regulation/nutrition/ Nutritional Guidelines] list minimum recommended nutrient levels for commercial pet foods and can be used as a guidance document to determine whether or not a pet food is complete for healthy dogs and cats.
== Mandatory Declarations ==
== Mandatory Declarations ==
== Composition = List of Feed Materials ==
== Composition = List of Feed Materials ==
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!colspan="1" bgcolor="#97C7F7"|Table 1 - List of ingredient categories:
!colspan="4" bgcolor="#97C7F7"|Table 1 - List of ingredient categories:
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!align="left" width="100%"|1. Meat and animal derivatives
!colspan="2" align="left" width="50%"|1. Meat and animal derivatives
!colspan="2" align="left" width="50%"|11. Minerals
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!align="left" width="100%"|2. Milk and milk derivatives
!colspan="2" align="left" width="50%"|2. Milk and milk derivatives
!colspan="2" align="left" width="50%"|12. Various sugars
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!align="left" width="100%"|3. Egg and egg derivatives
!colspan="2" align="left" width="50%"|3. Egg and egg derivatives
!colspan="2" align="left" width="50%"|13. Fruit
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!align="left" width="100%"|4. Oils and fats
!colspan="2" align="left" width="50%"|4. Oils and fats
!colspan="2" align="left" width="50%"|14. Nuts
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!align="left" width="100%"|5. Yeasts
!colspan="2" align="left" width="50%"|5. Yeasts
!colspan="2" align="left" width="50%"|15. Seeds
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!align="left" width="100%"|6. Fish and fish derivatives
!colspan="2" align="left" width="50%"|6. Fish and fish derivatives
!colspan="2" align="left" width="50%"|16. Algae
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!align="left" width="100%"|7. Cereals
!colspan="2" align="left" width="50%"|7. Cereals
!colspan="2" align="left" width="50%"|17. Molluscs and crustaceans
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!align="left" width="100%"|8. Vegetables
!colspan="2" align="left" width="50%"|8. Vegetables
!colspan="2" align="left" width="50%"|18. Insects
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!align="left" width="100%"|9. Derivatives of vegetable origin
!colspan="2" align="left" width="50%"|9. Derivatives of vegetable origin
!colspan="2" align="left" width="50%"|19. Bakery products
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!align="left" width="100%"|10. Vegetable and protein extracts
!colspan="2" align="left" width="50%"|10. Vegetable and protein extracts
!colspan="2" align="left" width="50%"|
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!align="left" width="100%"|11. Minerals
!colspan="4" align="center" |
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!align="left" width="100%"|13. Fruit
!colspan="4" align="center" |
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!align="left" width="100%"|14. Nuts
!colspan="4" align="center" bgcolor="#97C7F7"|Table 2 - Categories (1-4) and examples of functional groups of additives.
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!colspan="2" align="left" width="50%" bgcolor="#D9EAFA"|<i>1) Technological Additives</i>
!colspan="2" align="left" width="50%" bgcolor="#D9EAFA"|<i>1) Technological Additives</i>
!align="left" width="45%"|d. Urea and its derivatives
!align="left" width="45%"|d. Urea and its derivatives
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!width="10%"|
!width="5%"|
!align="left" width="90%"|e. Thickeners
!align="left" width="45%"|e. Thickeners
!colspan="2" align="left" width="50%" bgcolor="#D9EAFA"|<i>4) Zootechnical Additives</i>
!colspan="2" align="left" width="50%" bgcolor="#D9EAFA"|<i>4) Zootechnical Additives</i>
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[[Common Ingredients Used In Pet Food|Feed materials (ingredients)]] have to be listed in '''descending order by weight''', and the list has to be preceded by the heading: Composition. On the label of pet foods for dogs and cats, individual feed materials can be replaced by ingredient categories. These categories are designed to provide consumers with some indication of the source of raw materials used, while allowing the manufacturer some flexibility in the selection of the ingredients within a specific category<ref name="Burger">Burger IH. '''Reading a petfood label'''. Journal of Small Animal Practice 1993; 34: 189-191.</ref>. The categories are defined by law in Commission Directive 82/475/EEC laying down the categories of feed materials which may be used for the purposes of labelling compound feeding stuffs for pet animals (Table 1).
== Analytical Constituents ==
Regulation 767/2009<ref name = "Regulation 767" /> requires that under “Analytical Constituents” of both <u><i>complete and complementary feeds</i></u> the typical analysis of nutrients must be declared. In Europe, the typical (proximate) analysis has to be declared. This is the typical nutrient level obtained by considering the results of analysis of several samples. In other words, the typical analysis gives the nutrient levels found in the actual food. The declaration of the following nutrients is mandatory for pet foods for dogs and cats:
:* Crude Protein
:* Crude oils and fats
:* Crude fibre
:* Crude ash*
:* Moisture if >14%
The declaration of nutrients such as [[Calcium - Nutrition|calcium]], [[Phosphorus - Nutrition|phosphorus]], [[Sodium - Nutrition|sodium]], [[Magnesium - Nutrition|magnesium]] and other nutrients is optional. However, all nutrients must be declared to which a manufacturer draws attention either as a picture, icon or in words e.g., stating that the food is “high or rich in nutrient A”.
<br>
In addition for pet food there is a derogation that permits "crude protein" to be replaced by "[[Protein - Nutrition|protein]]" and "crude oils and fats" to be replaced by “[[Fats - Nutrition|fat]] content".
<br>
*Ash is the term used to define the inorganic material left after organic material has been burnt. It is important to recognise that this does not indicate ash was added to the food. It is also permitted to call “ash”, “incinerated residue” or “inorganic matter”.
== Additives ==
Within the EU, Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003<ref name="Regulation 1831">Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2003 on additives for use in animal nutrition. OJ. L 268, 18/10/2003 p. 29-43.</ref> on additives for use in animal nutrition provides for 4 categories of additives (1-4), each of which contain functional groups (Table 2). More categories may be added over time. Vitamins and trace elements are considered additives and, therefore, are not listed under composition.
=== Which Additives Must Be Declared on the Label? ===
=== Which Additives Must Be Declared on the Label? ===
According to Regulation 767/2009<ref name = "Regulation 767" />, the following additives have to be declared if added by the manufacturer:
According to Regulation 767/2009<ref name = "Regulation 767" />, the following additives have to be declared if added by the manufacturer:
* Additives where a maximum content is set for any kind of target species <font color="red">(see Register of additives for links to authorising legislation).</font> This means that, for example, if an additive has a maximum inclusion level for calves, it has to be declared also on the label of cat foods, if added. This is because pet foods and livestock feed are regulated by the same legislation.
* Additives where a maximum content is set for any kind of target species (see [http://ec.europa.eu/food/safety/animal-feed/feed-additives/eu-register_en Register of additives] for links to authorising legislation). This means that, for example, if an additive has a maximum inclusion level for calves, it has to be declared also on the label of cat foods, if added. This is because pet foods and livestock feed are regulated by the same legislation.
:* Additives belonging to the categories:
:* Additives belonging to the categories:
:::* Zootechnical additives
:::* Zootechnical additives
== Particular Nutritional Purposes (PARNUT) ==
== Particular Nutritional Purposes (PARNUT) ==
'''PARNUT''' = Feeding stuffs for '''PAR'''ticular '''NUT'''ritional purposes
<center>'''PARNUT''' = Feeding stuffs for '''PAR'''ticular '''NUT'''ritional purposes</center>
Articles 9 & 10 of Regulation 767/2009<ref name = "Regulation 767" /> provide the basis for feeding stuffs intended for particular nutritional purposes, in other words [[Legal Definitions of Pet Food#Therapeutic/Dietetic Pet Food|''‘dietetic (pet) foods’'']]. Feed intended for particular nutritional purposes may only be marketed as such if the intended use (PARNUT indication) is included in the list of intended uses published in Directive 2008/38/EC<ref name="Directive 2008/38">Commission Directive 2008/38/EC of 5 March 2008 establishing a list of intended uses of animal feedingstuffs for particular nutritional purposes. OJ. L 62, 06 March 2008 p. 9-22</ref>, which establishes a list of intended uses of animal feeding stuffs for particular nutritional purposes.
=== What are Particular Nutritional Purposes? ===
=== What are Particular Nutritional Purposes? ===
=== Directive 2008/38/EC ===
=== Directive 2008/38/EC ===
Directive 2008/38/EC lists all permitted PARNUTS (1), together with the essential characteristics (2) needed to meet the requirements for the specific PARNUT, the species (3) for which it is indicated, the additional mandatory labelling requirements (4) and other provisions where necessary (6) (Table 3). Consequently, a number of additional statements appear on the labels of dietetic pet foods.
Directive 2008/38/EC<ref name="Directive 2008/38" /> lists all permitted PARNUTS (1), together with the essential characteristics (2) needed to meet the requirements for the specific PARNUT, the species (3) for which it is indicated, the additional mandatory labelling requirements (4) and other provisions where necessary (6) (Table 3). Consequently, a number of additional statements appear on the labels of dietetic pet foods.
<center>
<center>
Since the legislator tends to consider most PARNUTs as being ‘temporary situations’, they make it '''mandatory to publish on the labels a defined length of time for use''' (Table 3, column 5). However, not all PARNUT indications are temporary, e.g., diabetes mellitus type 1 and chronic kidney disease are irreversible and need lifelong dietary management. This issue has been resolved by stating in column 5 ‘initially up to xx weeks or months’. In the same time this statement should stimulate the pet owner to visit the treating veterinarian for regular control check-ups.
Since the legislator tends to consider most PARNUTs as being ‘temporary situations’, they make it '''mandatory to publish on the labels a defined length of time for use''' (Table 3, column 5). However, not all PARNUT indications are temporary, e.g., diabetes mellitus type 1 and chronic kidney disease are irreversible and need lifelong dietary management. This issue has been resolved by stating in column 5 ‘initially up to xx weeks or months’. In the same time this statement should stimulate the pet owner to visit the treating veterinarian for regular control check-ups.
Feeds intended for particular nutritional purposes shall be marketed only if their intended uses are included in Part B of Annex I to this Directive and if they fulfil the other provisions laid down in that Part of Annex I (columns 2 to 6). The PARNUTs currently approved for dogs and cats are listed in table 5.
Feeds intended for particular nutritional purposes shall be marketed only if their intended uses are included in Part B of Annex I to this Directive and if they fulfil the other provisions laid down in that Part of Annex I (columns 2 to 6). The PARNUTs currently approved for dogs and cats are listed in Table 4.
<center>
=== How is it Decided Whether a Condition is a Nutritional Purpose and is Included in Directive 2008/38/EC<ref name="Directive 2008/38" />? ===
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!colspan="2" bgcolor="#97C7F7"|Table 4. List of Particular Nutritional Purposes for Dogs and Cats.
!colspan="2" bgcolor="#97C7F7"|Table 4. List of Particular Nutritional Purposes for Dogs and Cats.
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The Commission may update the list of intended uses set out in Directive 2008/38/EC by adding an intended use, withdrawing an intended use or by adding, removing or changing the conditions associated with a particular intended use. In order to add a new nutritional purpose or modify an existing PARNUT, a dossier must be introduced to the EU Commission, showing sufficient scientific data to support that
#the indication matches the definition of PARNUT and
#a diet with the proposed essential characteristics has a beneficial effect on the specific condition.
== Claims ==
== Claims ==
'''b.''' By attributing to the feed effects or characteristics that it does not possess or by suggesting that it possesses special characteristics when in fact all similar feeds possess such characteristics (article 11);<br>
'''b.''' By attributing to the feed effects or characteristics that it does not possess or by suggesting that it possesses special characteristics when in fact all similar feeds possess such characteristics (article 11);<br>
'''c.''' By claiming that it will prevent, treat or cure a disease (article 13). Such claims are considered medicinal and imply that the product is a medicinal drug and should comply with all regulations governing veterinary medicines.<br>
'''c.''' By claiming that it will prevent, treat or cure a disease (article 13). Such claims are considered medicinal and imply that the product is a medicinal drug and should comply with all regulations governing veterinary medicines.<br>
'''d.''' By claiming that it has particular nutritional purpose (PARNUT), but is not included in the list of permitted PARNUTS published in Directive 2008/38/EC (table 5) (article 13).<br>
'''d.''' By claiming that it has particular nutritional purpose (PARNUT), but is not included in the list of permitted PARNUTS published in Directive 2008/38/EC<ref name="Directive 2008/38" /> (table 5) (article 13).<br>
Any claim referring to the product must be substantiated, must not confuse or mislead purchasers and must not denigrate other pet foods.
Any claim referring to the product must be substantiated, must not confuse or mislead purchasers and must not denigrate other pet foods.
== Useful Websites ==
== Useful Websites ==
*[http://ec.europa.eu/food/safety/animal-feed/index_en.htm European Animal Feed Safety]
*[http://ec.europa.eu/food/safety/animal-feed/index_en.htm European Animal Feed Safety] accessed May 2017
*[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/advanced-search-form.html?qid=1440682264654&action=update Specific Legislation]
*[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/advanced-search-form.html?qid=1440682264654&action=update Search for specific legislation] accessed May 2017
*[http://www.fediaf.org/self-regulation/labelling/ FEDIAF code of good labelling practice for pet food]
*[http://www.fediaf.org/self-regulation/labelling/ FEDIAF code of good labelling practice for pet food] accessed May 2017
==References==
==References==
|date = May 2017
|date = May 2017
}}
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{{Mars Petcare}}
[[Category:To Do - Nutrition]]
[[Category:To Do - Nutrition]]
[[Category:Pet Food Labels]]
[[Category:Pet Food Labels]]