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{{Taxobox

{{Taxobox

|name              = ''Syngamus trachea

|name              = ''Syngamus trachea

==Introduction==

==Introduction==

''S. trachea'' is a [[Nematodes|nematode]] of the superfamily [[Strongyloidea]], and are found worldwide. It commonly affects the lungs of many game birds within the UK.

''S. trachea'' is a [[Nematodes|nematode]] of the superfamily [[Strongyloidea]], and is found worldwide. It commonly affects the lungs of many game birds within the UK.

==Hosts==

==Hosts==

L1-L3 develops in the egg. Infection may be via ingestion of L3 in the egg, or a hatched L3, or ingestion of a paratenic host, most commonly the earthworm and the slug.

L1-L3 develops in the egg. Infection may be via ingestion of L3 in the egg, or a hatched L3, or ingestion of a paratenic host, most commonly the earthworm and the slug.

The L3 then penetrate the intestine, and enter the lungs. The L3 then undergo 2 further moults, and copulation occurs in the trachea a few days later.

The L3 penetrate the intestine and then enter the lungs. The L3 then undergo two further moults, and copulation occurs in the trachea a few days later.

The prepatent period of ''S. trachea'' is between 16 and 20 days.

The prepatent period of ''S. trachea'' is between 16 and 20 days.

'''Faecal smears''' can also be performed, which may reveal characteristic bioperculate eggs.

'''Faecal smears''' can also be performed, which may reveal characteristic bioperculate eggs.

==Treatment and Control==

==Treatment and Control==

Medication licensed and effective against Syngamus include anthelmintics of the '''benzimidazole''' group and nitroxynil. The benzimidazoles are best administered in the feed, nitroxynil is given in drinking water. Caution must be exercised in using nitroxynil which may result in toxicity, kidney damage and egg production problems; it is not recommended for use in birds over 17 weeks old.

Medication licensed in the UK and effective against ''Syngamus'' include anthelmintics of the '''benzimidazole''' group and nitroxynil. The benzimidazoles are best administered in the feed, nitroxynil is given in drinking water. Caution must be exercised in using nitroxynil which may result in toxicity, kidney damage and egg production problems; it is not recommended for use in birds over 17 weeks old.

Infection can be prevented by raising birds on wire so they do not come into contact with the eggs or intermediate hosts.

Infection can be prevented by raising birds on wire so they do not come into contact with the eggs or intermediate hosts.

Shapiro, L. (2005) '''Pathology and parasitology for veterinary technicians''' ''Cengage Learning''

Shapiro, L. (2005) '''Pathology and parasitology for veterinary technicians''' ''Cengage Learning''

[[Category:Strongyloidea]][[Category:Avian Nematodes]]

[[Category:Strongyloidea]][[Category:Avian Nematodes]]

[[Category:Expert_Review - Parasites]]

[[Category:Expert_Review - Bird]]

[[Category:To Do - Review]]