Changes

 

==Introduction==

==Introduction==

The hoof is defined from a physiologic perspective as the modified skin [[Skin - Anatomy & Physiology#Epidermis|(epidermis)]] covering the tip of the digit and all enclosed structures. The hoof provides protection to the distal limb and is formed by keratinisation of the epithelial layer and modification of the underlying dermis. The keratin in the [[Skin - Anatomy & Physiology#Epidermis|epidermis]], when thickened and cornified, is referred to as [[Horn - Anatomy & Physiology|horn]].  Horn makes up the outer surface if the hoof and is particularly resistant to mechanical and chemical damage.

The hoof is defined from a physiologic perspective as the modified skin [[Skin - Anatomy & Physiology#Epidermis|(epidermis)]] covering the tip of the digit and all enclosed structures. The hoof provides protection to the distal limb and is formed by keratinisation of the epithelial layer and modification of the underlying dermis. The keratin in the [[Skin - Anatomy & Physiology#Epidermis|epidermis]], when thickened and cornified, is referred to as [[Horn - Anatomy & Physiology|horn]].  Horn makes up the outer surface if the hoof and is particularly resistant to mechanical and chemical damage.

==Deeper structures of the foot==

==Deeper structures of the foot==

[[File:Horse_hoof_wild_bare_sagittal.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Saggital section through horse hoof.]]

[[File:Horse_hoof_wild_bare_sagittal.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Sagittal section through horse hoof.]]

Enclosed within the hoof capsule are the bony structures – the [[Phalanges_-_Horse_Anatomy#Distal_Phalanx|distal phalanx]], distal end of the [[Phalanges_-_Horse_Anatomy#Middle_Phalanx|middle phalanx]], the [[Joints_and_Ligaments_-_Horse_Anatomy#Distal_Interphalangeal_.28Coffin.29_Joint|distal interphalangeal joint]], and the [[Phalanges_-_Horse_Anatomy#Distal_Sesamoid_.28Navicular.29_Bone|distal sesamoid bone (navicular)]].  There are also soft tissue structures including ligaments, cartilage, the digital cushion and the insertions of the [[Tendons_-_Horse_Anatomy#Thoracic_Limb|common digital extensor tendon]] and the [[Tendons_-_Horse_Anatomy#Flexorsdeep|digital flexor tendon]].

Enclosed within the hoof capsule are the bony structures – the [[Phalanges_-_Horse_Anatomy#Distal_Phalanx|distal phalanx]], distal end of the [[Phalanges_-_Horse_Anatomy#Middle_Phalanx|middle phalanx]], the [[Joints_and_Ligaments_-_Horse_Anatomy#Distal_Interphalangeal_.28Coffin.29_Joint|distal interphalangeal joint]], and the [[Phalanges_-_Horse_Anatomy#Distal_Sesamoid_.28Navicular.29_Bone|distal sesamoid bone (navicular)]].  There are also soft tissue structures including ligaments, cartilage, the digital cushion and the insertions of the [[Tendons_-_Horse_Anatomy#Thoracic_Limb|common digital extensor tendon]] and the [[Tendons_-_Horse_Anatomy#Flexorsdeep|digital flexor tendon]].

The cartilages are securely attached to the other internal structures of the foot by a series of ligaments that extend from the medial and lateral cartilages to the distal and middle phalanx, the [[Phalanges_-_Horse_Anatomy#Distal_Sesamoid_.28Navicular.29_Bone|distal sesamoid bone (navicular)]], and the digital cushion.

The cartilages are securely attached to the other internal structures of the foot by a series of ligaments that extend from the medial and lateral cartilages to the distal and middle phalanx, the [[Phalanges_-_Horse_Anatomy#Distal_Sesamoid_.28Navicular.29_Bone|distal sesamoid bone (navicular)]], and the digital cushion.

===Collateral ligaments.===

===Collateral ligaments.===

The distal interphalangeal joint is enclosed within the hoof capsule.  It is stabilised by the medial and lateral collateral ligaments which form part of the joint capsule, connecting the distal end of Pll with the proximal edge of the [[Phalanges_-_Horse_Anatomy#Distal_Phalanx|distal phalanx]].

The distal interphalangeal joint is enclosed within the hoof capsule.  It is stabilised by the medial and lateral collateral ligaments which form part of the joint capsule, connecting the distal end of Pll with the proximal edge of the [[Phalanges_-_Horse_Anatomy#Distal_Phalanx|distal phalanx]].

===Annular ligaments===

===Annular ligaments===

}}

}}

 

{{review}}

{{review}}

[[Category:Integumentary System - Anatomy & Physiology]]

[[Category:Integumentary System - Anatomy & Physiology]]

[[Category:A&P Done]]

[[Category:A&P Done]]