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| − | ==Male ==
| + | <big><center>[[Reproductive System|'''BACK TO REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM''']]</center></big> |
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| − | ===Penis ===
| + | <big><center>[[Reproductive_System#Small_Domestic_Mammals|'''BACK TO SMALL DOMESTIC MAMMALS''']]</center></big> |
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| − | * Penis is easily extruded from the prepuce.
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| − | * Os penis lies within the tissue of the penis.
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| − | === Testes ===
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| − | * Two testes in an external scrotum.
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| − | * Testes descend between day 30-40.
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| − | * Open inguinal canals throughout life.
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| − | ** Allows the testes to shrink and return to the abdomen during the non-breeding season.
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| − | * Head and tail of the epididymis are the sites of extremely large fat pads.
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| − |
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| − | === Accessory Sex Glands ===
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| − | Rats have highly developed accessory sex glands. These produce a gelatinous copulatory plug, which is visible in the vagina post-mating and is thought to prevent semen leaking out.
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| − | ==== Seminal Vesicles ====
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| − | * Lie dorsolateral to the urinary bladder in contact with the rectum dorsally.
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| − | * Large and lobated, opening into the lower end of the ductus deferens.
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| − | * Each is enclosed in a capsule together with the coagulating gland.
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| − | ==== Prostate Gland ====
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| − | * Bilateral and has three lobes: the dorsal, lateral and ventral.
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| − | * Dorsal is known as the '''Coagulating Gland'''.
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| − | * Lies close to the seminal vesicle.
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| − | ==== Ampullary Glands ====
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| − | * The glands of the ductus deferens.
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| − | * Lie near the bladder.
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| − | ==== Bulbourethral Glands ==== | + | == Male == |
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| − | * Found near the urethra as it exits the pelvis.
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| − | ==== Preputial Glands ====
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| − | * Lie in the subcutaneous fat near the penis and open into the prepuce.
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| − | * Sebacious glands that secrete a [[Attractivity Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology#Pheromones|pheromone]] used for scent marking.
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| − | * Regress with age and fill with stagnant [[Skin_- Anatomy & Physiology#Glands|sebum]].
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| − | | |
| − | === Puberty and Sexual Maturity ===
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| | * Sexually mature at 6-8 weeks | | * Sexually mature at 6-8 weeks |
| − | | + | * Open inguinal canals throughout life. |
| − | === Mammary Gland ===
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| | * Teats are absent. | | * Teats are absent. |
| | + | ---- |
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| | == Female == | | == Female == |
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| − | === Reproductive tract ===
| + | * [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Uterus_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Anatomical_Types_of_Uteri|Bicornate uterus]] |
| − | | + | ** Short uterine body |
| − | ==== Ovary ====
| + | ** Single [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Cervix_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|cervix]] |
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| − | * Right [[Ovary - Anatomy & Physiology|ovary]] is located at the level of L4-5 just caudal to the right [[Renal Anatomy - Anatomy & Physiology#Common Anatomy|kidney]]. | |
| − | * Left [[Ovary - Anatomy & Physiology|ovary]] is located at the level of L5-6 caudal to the left [[Renal Anatomy - Anatomy & Physiology#Common Anatomy|kidney]]. | |
| − | ** Nearer the midline than the right [[Ovary - Anatomy & Physiology|ovary]]. | |
| − | * Both [[Ovary - Anatomy & Physiology|ovaries]] are embedded in fat.
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| − | ==== Oviduct ====
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| − | * [[Oviduct - Anatomy & Physiology|Oviduct]] is convoluted and winds around the [[Ovary - Anatomy & Physiology|ovary]] in 10-12 loops.
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| − | ==== Uterus ====
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| − | * [[Uterus - Anatomy & Physiology#Anatomical_Types_of_Uteri|Duplex Uterus]]
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| − | ** Two [[Cervix - Anatomy & Physiology|cervices]]
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| − | ** Uterine horns remain separate until uniting in a single [[Vagina and Vestibule - Anatomy & Physiology|vagina]].
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| − | ==== Vagina ====
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| − | * Vaginal opening lies caudal to clitoral glands and is closed by a membrane until puberty.
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| − | ** '''Clitoral (Preputial) Glands''': Lie in subcutaneous fat near the clitoris and open into a preputial fold.
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| − | *** Sebacious glands that secrete a [[Attractivity Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology#Pheromones|pheromone]] used for scent marking.
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| − | ==== Attachments and Blood Supply ====
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| − | * Anastamoses between the ovarian and uterine artery occur in the uterine mesentery.
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| − | * Mesovarium and mesometrium contain large volumes of fat, which surround the [[Renal Anatomy - Anatomy & Physiology#Common Anatomy|kidneys]], abdominal wall and [[Alimentary_- Anatomy & Physiology|intestinal loops]].
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| − | ===Oestrous Cyclicity ===
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| | * Non-seasonal polyoestrus | | * Non-seasonal polyoestrus |
| − | * LH surge (responsible for [[Ovulation - Anatomy & Physiology|ovulation]]) is strongly linked to circadian rhythm and usually occurs in the late afternoon. | + | * Oestrus cycle 4-5 days. |
| − | * [[Oestrous Cycle - Anatomy & Physiology|Oestrus cycle]] 4-5 days.
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| | * Duration of oestrus is ~14 hours. | | * Duration of oestrus is ~14 hours. |
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| − | === Gestation and Offspring ===
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| − | ==== Gestation ====
| + | * Ejaculate plug forms in the vagina. |
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| − | * Gestation length is 20-22 days. | + | * [[Reproductive_System#Gestation|Gestation]] length is 20-22 days. |
| − | * [[Placenta - Anatomy & Physiology|Placenta]] is haemochorial.
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| − | ==== Litter ====
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| | * Litter size 6-16 | | * Litter size 6-16 |
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| | * Earliest weaning age 21 days. | | * Earliest weaning age 21 days. |
| | * Care not to stress mother or she may cannibalise the young. | | * Care not to stress mother or she may cannibalise the young. |
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| − | === Mammary Gland and Lactation ===
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| − | * The rat has 6 pairs of mammary glands.
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| − | * Thoracic and inguinal glands act as two discrete complexes, separated by a space just behind the ribs.
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| − | ** During lactation, the thoracic glands expand rostrally as far as the [[Salivary_Glands_-_Anatomy_&_Physiology#Major_Salivary_Glands|parotid and mandibular glands]].
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| − | *** Cranially and medially over the upper forelimb and along the lateral thoracic wall.
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| − | ** Inguinal gland covers the lateral abdominal wall back to the stifle and anal region.
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| − | * At the base of each teat the transition zone between hairless and hair has large sebacious glands.
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| − | ==== Cervical gland ====
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| − | * Rudimentary
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| − | ==== Thoracic gland ====
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| − | * Diffuse.
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| − | * Contains 3 nipples
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| − | * Surrounds the base of the forelimb.
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| − | ==== Abdominal gland ====
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| − | * Only marginally developed.
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| − | ==== Inguinal gland ====
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| − | * Surrounds the base of the hindlimb.
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| − | * Contains 3 nipples.
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| − | [[Category:Small Mammal Reproduction]][[Category:Bullet Points]]
| + | * 5 pairs of teats. |