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| + | <big><center>[[Anatomy & Physiology|'''BACK TO ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY''']]</center></big> |
| − | ==Introduction==
| + | <big><center>[[Cardiorespiratory System - Anatomy & Physiology|'''BACK TO CARDIORESPIRATORY SYSTEM''']]</center></big> |
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| − | The paranasal sinuses are ventilated spaces connected to the [[Nasal Cavity - Anatomy & Physiology|nasal cavity]]. They develop as blind ending pouches between the lamina of the [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology#Bones of the Skull|bones of the skull]].
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| − | ==Structure==
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| − | The paranasal sinuses are a series of cavities arranged one after another. All species have '''frontal''' and '''maxillary''' systems.
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| − | '''Frontal''': Consists of space(s) within the bones between the cranial cavity and the [[Nasal Cavity - Anatomy & Physiology|nasal cavity]]. | |
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| − | '''Maxillary''': This is the largest sinus, and consists of the space within the caudolateral part of the upper jaw, above the caudal cheek [[:Category:Teeth - Anatomy & Physiology|teeth]]. This increases with age due to wearing and ventral relocation of the [[:Category:Teeth - Anatomy & Physiology|teeth]].
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| − | ==Function==
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| − | The function of paranasal sinuses is somewhat ambiguous, however they are likely to have the following evolutionary purposes:
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| − | :Resonating cavities
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| − | :Limiting the weight of the [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology#Bones of the Skull|skull]]
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| − | :Insulation/cooling of the [[Nervous and Special Senses - Anatomy & Physiology#Central Nervous System (CNS)|brain]]
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| − | :Increased insertion space for [[:Category:Teeth - Anatomy & Physiology|teeth]]
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| − | ==Species Differences==
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| − | In the '''dog''' the sinus system is generally poorly developed. The maxillary sinus is a cavity which freely communicates with the nasal cavity, and is known as the '''maxillary recess'''. The frontal sinus has 3 chambers which drain separately into the nasal cavity.
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| − | In the '''horse''' the maxillary sinus has caudal and rostral parts which together occupy a large part of the upper jaw. In addition, the horse has '''sphenopalatine''' and '''ethmoidal''' sinuses which are of a lesser clinical importance than the '''frontal, caudal maxillary''' and '''rostral maxillary sinuses''' on each side of the [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology#Bones of the Skull|skull]].
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| − | '''Cattle''' do not have a fully developed sinus system until the age of 7, by which time it is an extremely complex system.
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| − | In addition to the frontal sinus, there is a '''palatomaxillary sinus''' (named because the maxillary sinus is continuous with the palatine sinus) within the caudal part of the [[Hard Palate|hard palate]] and face, a '''lacrimal sinus''' within the medial orbit, '''sphenoidal sinuses''' which lie past the orbit and within the conchae themselves are the '''conchal sinuses'''. The frontal sinus in cattle has a 'diverticle' for the cornual process (horn).
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| − | The '''pig''' has '''lacrimal, sphenoid''' and '''conchal''' sinuses in addition to the maxillary and frontal systems.
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| − | There are many variations to the entire [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy & Physiology|'''avian''' respiratory tract]].
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| − | The [[Respiration in Non-Homeotherms - Anatomy & Physiology|respiratory systems of non-homeotherms]] are also very different to that of mammals.
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| − | ==Links==
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| − | Click here for more information on [[:Category:Paranasal Sinuses - Pathology|paranasal sinuses pathology]].
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| − | ==References==
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| − | {{citation|initiallast = Dyce|initialfirst = K.M|2last = Sack|2first = W.O|finallast = Wensing|finalfirst = C.J.G|year = 2002|title = Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy|ed =3rd|city = Philadelphia|pub = Saunders}}
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| − | {{Template:Learning
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| − | |dragster = [[Canine Head Radiographical Anatomy Resources (IV & V)|Canine Skull Anatomy - Frontal Sinuses (IV)]]
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| − | {{review}}
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| − | ==Webinars==
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| − | <rss max="10" highlight="none">https://www.thewebinarvet.com/respiratory/webinars/feed</rss>
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| − | [[Category:Respiratory System - Anatomy & Physiology]]
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| − | [[Category:A&P Done]]
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