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<big><center>[[Musculoskeletal System - Anatomy & Physiology|'''BACK TO MUSCULOSKELETAL ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY''']]</center></big>

<big><center>[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology|'''BACK TO HINDLIMB''']]</center></big>

|maplink = Musculoskeletal System (Content Map) - Anatomy & Physiology

|pagetype =Anatomy

|sublink1=Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology

|subtext1=HINDLIMB

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='''Pelvic Girdle and Hip'''=

==Pelvic Girdle and Hip==

=='''Bones'''==

===Bones===

The pelvic girdle is formed by two hip bones which are joined ventrally at the cartilagenous '''pelvic symphysis''' and articulate dorsally with the sacrum. The three components of each hip bone are the [[Ilium - Anatomy and Physiology|Ilium]], [[Pubis - Anatomy & Physiology|pubis]] and [[Ischium - Anatomy & Physiology|ischium]].  

The pelvic girdle is formed by two hip bones which are joined ventrally at the cartilagenous '''pelvic symphysis''' and articulate dorsally with the sacrum. The three components of each hip bone are the [[Ilium - Anatomy and Physiology|Ilium]], [[Pubis - Anatomy & Physiology|pubis]] and [[Ischium - Anatomy & Physiology|ischium]].  

** The medial and lateral condylar ridges are very assymetrical with the medial ridge being larger.

** The medial and lateral condylar ridges are very assymetrical with the medial ridge being larger.

=='''Joints and Synovial Structures'''==

==Joints and Synovial Structures==

===='''[[Sacroiliac Joint - Anatomy & Physiology|Sacroiliac Joint]]'''====

====[[Sacroiliac Joint - Anatomy & Physiology|Sacroiliac Joint]]====

* In cattle the short branch of the '''dorsal sacroiliac ligaments''' connects the sacral tuberosity to the spinous processes of the sacrum.

* In cattle the short branch of the '''dorsal sacroiliac ligaments''' connects the sacral tuberosity to the spinous processes of the sacrum.

* The '''sacrotuberous ligament''' is a broad sheet-like ligament, which extends between the lateral aspect of the sacrum and the dorsal border of ischium and ilium. In this ligament are the '''lesser and greater ischiatic foramen''', these are present to allow for blood vessels, nerves and tendons. The caudal border of this ligament is visible subcutaneously.

* The '''sacrotuberous ligament''' is a broad sheet-like ligament, which extends between the lateral aspect of the sacrum and the dorsal border of ischium and ilium. In this ligament are the '''lesser and greater ischiatic foramen''', these are present to allow for blood vessels, nerves and tendons. The caudal border of this ligament is visible subcutaneously.

===='''[[Coxafemoral/Hip Joint - Anatomy & Physiology|Coxafemoral/Hip Joint]]'''====

====[[Coxafemoral/Hip Joint - Anatomy & Physiology|Coxafemoral/Hip Joint]]====

* The cow has the most limited range of movement compared other domestic species in its hip. This is mainly restricted to flexion and extension and is a result of the conformation of its femoral head, intraarticular ligaments and a large muscle mass around the joint.

* The cow has the most limited range of movement compared other domestic species in its hip. This is mainly restricted to flexion and extension and is a result of the conformation of its femoral head, intraarticular ligaments and a large muscle mass around the joint.

* Cattle also have an extra acetabular notch on it's cranioventral aspect.

* Cattle also have an extra acetabular notch on it's cranioventral aspect.

=='''Musculature'''==

==Musculature==

The muscles affecting the pelvic girdle and hip can be divided into two distinct groups:

The muscles affecting the pelvic girdle and hip can be divided into two distinct groups:

*** Cattle have an extra intrapelvic part that originates from the ilial body, the pubis and ischium. This then inserts with the rest of the muscle on the trochantic fossa.

*** Cattle have an extra intrapelvic part that originates from the ilial body, the pubis and ischium. This then inserts with the rest of the muscle on the trochantic fossa.

='''Proximal Hindlimb including Stifle and Tarsus'''=

==Proximal Hindlimb including Stifle and Tarsus==

=='''Bones'''==

===Bones===

The bones immediately distal to the [[Femur - Anatomy & Physiology|femur]] are the [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Tibia|tibia]], [[Fibula - Anatomy & Physiology|fibula]], [[Patella - Anatomy & Physiology|patella]] and some minor sesamoid bones. Some of these are involved in the stifle joint, weight-bearing and providing attachment for muscles.

The bones immediately distal to the [[Femur - Anatomy & Physiology|femur]] are the [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Tibia|tibia]], [[Fibula - Anatomy & Physiology|fibula]], [[Patella - Anatomy & Physiology|patella]] and some minor sesamoid bones. Some of these are involved in the stifle joint, weight-bearing and providing attachment for muscles.

==='''Bovine Bone Specifics'''===

====Bovine Bone Specifics====

** The cow only has three bones in the distal row, with the 1st tarsal bone being the only one left unfused. The 2nd and 3rd tarsal bones are fused together. The central and 4th tarsal bones are also fused.

** The cow only has three bones in the distal row, with the 1st tarsal bone being the only one left unfused. The 2nd and 3rd tarsal bones are fused together. The central and 4th tarsal bones are also fused.

=='''Joints and Synovial Structures'''==

===Joints and Synovial Structures===

* Like the dog the cow has an extra branch to its '''short medial collateral ligament''' that extends to the medial metatarsal bones.

* Like the dog the cow has an extra branch to its '''short medial collateral ligament''' that extends to the medial metatarsal bones.

=='''Musculature'''==

===Musculature===

'''[[Muscles of the Stifle - Anatomy & Physiology|Muscles of the Stifle]]'''

'''[[Muscles of the Stifle - Anatomy & Physiology|Muscles of the Stifle]]'''

='''Vasculature of the Hindlimb'''=

==Vasculature of the Hindlimb==

'''[[Arteries of the Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology|Arteries of the Hindlimb]]'''

'''[[Arteries of the Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology|Arteries of the Hindlimb]]'''