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− | ====<big>Systemic Hypertension</big>==== | + | ===Systemic Hypertension=== |
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− | '''Signalment:'''
| + | ====Signalment==== |
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| '''Dogs''': male>female; obese animals; middle to old age | | '''Dogs''': male>female; obese animals; middle to old age |
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− | '''Diagnosis'''
| + | ====Diagnosis==== |
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− | '''History & Clinical Signs''':
| + | =====History & Clinical Signs===== |
| | | |
| *Signs are the result of ischemia, edema, and/or haemorrhage of the affected areas | | *Signs are the result of ischemia, edema, and/or haemorrhage of the affected areas |
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− | '''Neurological Signs:'''
| + | =====Neurological Signs===== |
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| -Depression | | -Depression |
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− | '''Cardiac Signs:'''
| + | =====Cardiac Signs===== |
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| -Left Ventricular Hypertrophy | | -Left Ventricular Hypertrophy |
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− | '''Ocular Signs:'''
| + | =====Ocular Signs===== |
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| *In cats, ocular abnormalities from hypertension are usually the first thing detected. | | *In cats, ocular abnormalities from hypertension are usually the first thing detected. |
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− | '''Fundic Examination:
| + | =====Fundic Examination===== |
− | '''
| |
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| -Hyphemia (Blood in the anterior chamber) | | -Hyphemia (Blood in the anterior chamber) |
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− | '''Renal Signs:'''
| + | =====Renal Signs===== |
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| *Renal disease can both be caused by hypertension and cause hypertension. | | *Renal disease can both be caused by hypertension and cause hypertension. |
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− | '''Endocrine Signs:
| + | =====Endocrine Signs===== |
− | '''
| |
| | | |
| -Hyperthyroidism (cats) | | -Hyperthyroidism (cats) |
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− | '''Physical Exam:'''
| + | =====Physical Exam===== |
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− | '''Treatment:'''
| + | =====Treatment===== |
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| '''Cats''' | | '''Cats''' |
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− | '''Prognosis:'''
| + | =====Prognosis===== |
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| -Cats with hypertension are more successfully treated than dogs. | | -Cats with hypertension are more successfully treated than dogs. |
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− | ====<big>Pulmonary Hypertension</big>==== | + | ===Pulmonary Hypertension=== |
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| '''Description:''' | | '''Description:''' |
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− | '''Signalment:'''
| + | ====Signalment==== |
| | | |
| *Some diseases predispose animals to secondary pulmonary hypertension. | | *Some diseases predispose animals to secondary pulmonary hypertension. |
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| Genetics & Breed Predisposition: Brachycephalic Dogs (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease); Small breeds (mitral endocardiosis); West Highland White Terriers (Pulmonary Fibrosis) | | Genetics & Breed Predisposition: Brachycephalic Dogs (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease); Small breeds (mitral endocardiosis); West Highland White Terriers (Pulmonary Fibrosis) |
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| + | ====Diagnosis==== |
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− | '''Diagnosis'''
| + | =====History & Clinical Signs===== |
− | | |
− | '''History & Clinical Signs''':
| |
| | | |
| *Signs of right sided heart failure: | | *Signs of right sided heart failure: |
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− | '''Physical Exam:'''
| + | =====Physical Exam===== |
| | | |
| *Depends on underlying conditions | | *Depends on underlying conditions |
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− | '''Laboratory Findings:'''
| + | =====Laboratory Findings===== |
| | | |
| -Arterial Blood Gases (Hypoxemia): If there are low oxygen conditions | | -Arterial Blood Gases (Hypoxemia): If there are low oxygen conditions |
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− | '''Radiography:''' DV view
| + | =====Radiography===== |
| + | DV view |
| | | |
| -Left atrial and ventricular enlargement | | -Left atrial and ventricular enlargement |
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− | '''Electrocardiography:
| + | =====Electrocardiography===== |
− | '''
| |
| | | |
| -Right ventricular hypertrophy (Deep S-waves) | | -Right ventricular hypertrophy (Deep S-waves) |
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− | '''Echocardiography:'''
| + | =====Echocardiography===== |
| | | |
| -Calculation of pulmonary arterial pressures | | -Calculation of pulmonary arterial pressures |
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− | '''Treatment:'''
| + | ====Treatment==== |
| | | |
| '''Treat the underlying conditions: | | '''Treat the underlying conditions: |
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− | '''Prognosis:'''
| + | ====Prognosis==== |
| | | |
| -Depends on the disease condition and ability to control it | | -Depends on the disease condition and ability to control it |
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| [[Image:Pulmonary artery thrombus.jpg|right|thumb|125px|<small><center>'''Pulmonary artery thrombus'''. Courtesy of A. Jefferies</center></small>]] | | [[Image:Pulmonary artery thrombus.jpg|right|thumb|125px|<small><center>'''Pulmonary artery thrombus'''. Courtesy of A. Jefferies</center></small>]] |
| | | |
− | '''Description'''
| + | ===Description=== |
| | | |
| Thrombosis is a localized or generalized intravascular clot formation. Thrombi form as the result of trauma or pathological processes affecting the blood vessel endothelium or disturbances to blood flow and/or blood composition. Some diseases such as infective endocarditis and heart worm increase the risk of thrombi formation. | | Thrombosis is a localized or generalized intravascular clot formation. Thrombi form as the result of trauma or pathological processes affecting the blood vessel endothelium or disturbances to blood flow and/or blood composition. Some diseases such as infective endocarditis and heart worm increase the risk of thrombi formation. |
| | | |
| + | ===Diagnosis=== |
| | | |
− | '''Diagnosis'''
| + | ====History & Clinical Signs==== |
− | | |
− | '''History & Clinical Signs:'''
| |
| | | |
| *Signs depend on the area affected and the size of the blocked vessel. | | *Signs depend on the area affected and the size of the blocked vessel. |
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− | '''Laboratory Findings:
| + | ====Laboratory Findings==== |
− | '''
| |
| | | |
| Abnormalities associated with lack of blood perfusion and/or pathological conditions. | | Abnormalities associated with lack of blood perfusion and/or pathological conditions. |
| | | |
| | | |
− | '''Ultrasonography:
| + | ====Ultrasonography==== |
− | '''
| |
| | | |
| *Blood stasis | | *Blood stasis |
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− | '''Angiography:'''
| + | ====Angiography==== |
| | | |
| *May show lack of opacity in affected region | | *May show lack of opacity in affected region |
| | | |
| | | |
− | '''Treatment:
| + | ===Treatment=== |
− | '''
| |
| | | |
| -Treat underlying problem | | -Treat underlying problem |
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− | '''Prognosis:'''
| + | ===Prognosis=== |
| | | |
| -Depends on underlying condition | | -Depends on underlying condition |
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| [[Image:sarcoma embolus.jpg|right|thumb|125px|<small><center>'''Sarcoma embolus (dog)'''. Courtesy of T. Scase</center></small>]] | | [[Image:sarcoma embolus.jpg|right|thumb|125px|<small><center>'''Sarcoma embolus (dog)'''. Courtesy of T. Scase</center></small>]] |
| | | |
− | '''Description'''
| + | ===Description=== |
| | | |
| *As the name implies, a thromboembolism is a clot (thrombus) or foreign body that blocks vessels a distance away from its original site of origin. | | *As the name implies, a thromboembolism is a clot (thrombus) or foreign body that blocks vessels a distance away from its original site of origin. |
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| | | |
− | '''Diagnosis'''
| + | ====Diagnosis=== |
| | | |
− | '''History & Clinical Signs:'''
| + | =====History & Clinical Signs==== |
| | | |
| '''5 P's:''' | | '''5 P's:''' |
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| | | |
− | '''Laboratory Findings
| + | ====Laboratory Findings==== |
− | '''
| |
| | | |
| *Heavily dependent on thromboembolic site | | *Heavily dependent on thromboembolic site |
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| | | |
− | '''Radiography, Echocardiography, Angiography:'''
| + | ====Radiography, Echocardiography, Angiography==== |
| | | |
| -Clots may be seen by the above methods | | -Clots may be seen by the above methods |
| | | |
| | | |
− | '''Treatment:
| + | ===Treatment=== |
− | '''
| |
| | | |
| -Treat underlying conditions | | -Treat underlying conditions |
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| | | |
− | '''Prognosis:'''
| + | ===Prognosis==== |
| | | |
| -Grave | | -Grave |
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| ==Arteriovenous Fistula== | | ==Arteriovenous Fistula== |
| | | |
− | '''Description:'''
| + | ===Description=== |
| | | |
| *As the name implies, an arteriovenous fistula is an abnormal direct connection between an artery and a vein. This connection causes the capillary circulation to be completely ignored. We will concentrate on peripheral fistulas here. | | *As the name implies, an arteriovenous fistula is an abnormal direct connection between an artery and a vein. This connection causes the capillary circulation to be completely ignored. We will concentrate on peripheral fistulas here. |
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| | | |
− | '''Diagnosis'''
| + | ===Diagnosis=== |
| | | |
− | '''History & Clinical Signs:'''
| + | ====History & Clinical Signs==== |
| | | |
| *Signs depend on where the AV fistula has formed. | | *Signs depend on where the AV fistula has formed. |
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| | | |
| | | |
− | '''Angiography:'''
| + | ====Angiography==== |
| | | |
| -Abnormal direct connection between an artery and a vein | | -Abnormal direct connection between an artery and a vein |
| | | |
| | | |
− | '''Ultrasonography:'''
| + | ====Ultrasonography==== |
| | | |
| -Abnormal flow visualized | | -Abnormal flow visualized |
| | | |
| | | |
− | '''Treatment:'''
| + | ===Treatment=== |
| | | |
| -Surgical ligation of abnormal vessels to and from the fistula area | | -Surgical ligation of abnormal vessels to and from the fistula area |
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| | | |
− | '''Prognosis:
| + | ===Prognosis=== |
− | '''
| |
| | | |
| -Good with complete ligation and cessation of blood flow through the fistula | | -Good with complete ligation and cessation of blood flow through the fistula |
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| ==Vasculitis== | | ==Vasculitis== |
| | | |
− | Description: | + | ===Description=== |
| | | |
| *Vasculitis is an inflammatory disease of the vessels. | | *Vasculitis is an inflammatory disease of the vessels. |
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| | | |
| | | |
− | '''Diagnosis'''
| + | ===Diagnosis=== |
| | | |
− | '''History & Clinical Signs:'''
| + | ====History & Clinical Signs==== |
| | | |
| -Heat | | -Heat |