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New page: {{unfinished}} {{toplink |linkpage = Paramyxoviridae |linktext = PARAMYXOVIRIDAE |pagetype=Bugs }} <br> {{toplink |linkpage =Viruses |linktext =VIRUSES |pagetype=Bugs }} <br> ====Hosts=...
{{unfinished}}
{{toplink
|linkpage = Paramyxoviridae
|linktext = PARAMYXOVIRIDAE
|pagetype=Bugs
}}
<br>
{{toplink
|linkpage =Viruses
|linktext =VIRUSES
|pagetype=Bugs
}}
<br>
====Hosts====
*Dogs, ferrets, seals, lions, mink
*Has been a major pathogen of dogs prior to vaccination
====Pathogenesis====
*Variable mortality depending on virulence
*May occur subclinically
*Involvement of central nervous system generally results in death
*Aerosol infection
*Infects alveolar [[Macrophages - WikiBlood|macrophages]] or [[Oropharynx - Pathology|oropharynx]]
*Multiplies in the bronchial and other lymph nodes, infects monocytes and dendritic cells
*Viraemia
*Spreads via monocytes to a variety of epithelium depending upon the strain of virus
*[[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Canine distemper|Respiratory]] and alimentary tracts, skin and later (1-5 wk. post infection) to the brain
*'''Clinical signs''':
**Mucopurulent oculonasal discharge
**Keratitis
**[[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Interstitial pneumonia|Interstitial pneumonia]]
**Severe clinical pneumonia follows secondary infection with [[Bordetella bronchiseptica and Bordetella avium|''Bordetella bronchiseptica'']]
**Smelly sometimes bloody diarrhoea
**Eruptions on the skin including hyperkeratosis of the nose and pads (hardpad)
**[[PNS Repsonses to Injury - Pathology#Segmental Demyelination|Demyelination]] (especially in cerebellum) -> incoordination or muscle tremors -> paralysis and coma or convulsions -> death
**Encephalitis
**Secondary pyogenic infections associated with immunosuppression and damage to epithelia
**Recovered animals may have persistent or spasmodic chorea
**The severity of the disease may vary; if enough neutralising antibody develops in the early stages, the virus maybe kept restricted largely to the lymph nodes.
====Diagnosis====
*May present as series of infections
*'''Immunocytochemistry''' of inclusion bodies
**Intracytoplasmic inclusions may be found in most affected tissues
**Inclusions persist longest in the brain (may be intranuclear) and the alveolar macrophages
**Sections of fixed bronchial tissue, lung, macrophages, bladder may be used or nasal or conjunctival epithelium from live animals
*Giant cells may be seen in the alveoli
====Control====
*Live attenuated virus vaccines given at 10 and 12 weeks of age
**Some now given at 7 and 10 weeks to allow socialisation
*Homeopathic vaccines do not work
*Live attenuated vaccines may kill some wildlife therefore '''Iscom vaccine''' is used in seal sanctuaries
====Secondary Concerns====
*Can contribute to [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#In Dogs|Infectious canine tracheitis]]
*May be involved in [[Pancreas Inflammatory - Pathology#Chronic interstitial pancreatitis|chronic interstitial pancreatitis]]
*May cause [[Bones Developmental - Pathology#Retention of elongated primary trabeculae|growth retardation lattice]]
*May also trigger latent [[Tissue cyst-forming coccidia|Toxoplasmosis]] due to suppressing effect on lymphoid tissue
{{toplink
|linkpage = Paramyxoviridae
|linktext = PARAMYXOVIRIDAE
|pagetype=Bugs
}}
<br>
{{toplink
|linkpage =Viruses
|linktext =VIRUSES
|pagetype=Bugs
}}
<br>
====Hosts====
*Dogs, ferrets, seals, lions, mink
*Has been a major pathogen of dogs prior to vaccination
====Pathogenesis====
*Variable mortality depending on virulence
*May occur subclinically
*Involvement of central nervous system generally results in death
*Aerosol infection
*Infects alveolar [[Macrophages - WikiBlood|macrophages]] or [[Oropharynx - Pathology|oropharynx]]
*Multiplies in the bronchial and other lymph nodes, infects monocytes and dendritic cells
*Viraemia
*Spreads via monocytes to a variety of epithelium depending upon the strain of virus
*[[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Canine distemper|Respiratory]] and alimentary tracts, skin and later (1-5 wk. post infection) to the brain
*'''Clinical signs''':
**Mucopurulent oculonasal discharge
**Keratitis
**[[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Interstitial pneumonia|Interstitial pneumonia]]
**Severe clinical pneumonia follows secondary infection with [[Bordetella bronchiseptica and Bordetella avium|''Bordetella bronchiseptica'']]
**Smelly sometimes bloody diarrhoea
**Eruptions on the skin including hyperkeratosis of the nose and pads (hardpad)
**[[PNS Repsonses to Injury - Pathology#Segmental Demyelination|Demyelination]] (especially in cerebellum) -> incoordination or muscle tremors -> paralysis and coma or convulsions -> death
**Encephalitis
**Secondary pyogenic infections associated with immunosuppression and damage to epithelia
**Recovered animals may have persistent or spasmodic chorea
**The severity of the disease may vary; if enough neutralising antibody develops in the early stages, the virus maybe kept restricted largely to the lymph nodes.
====Diagnosis====
*May present as series of infections
*'''Immunocytochemistry''' of inclusion bodies
**Intracytoplasmic inclusions may be found in most affected tissues
**Inclusions persist longest in the brain (may be intranuclear) and the alveolar macrophages
**Sections of fixed bronchial tissue, lung, macrophages, bladder may be used or nasal or conjunctival epithelium from live animals
*Giant cells may be seen in the alveoli
====Control====
*Live attenuated virus vaccines given at 10 and 12 weeks of age
**Some now given at 7 and 10 weeks to allow socialisation
*Homeopathic vaccines do not work
*Live attenuated vaccines may kill some wildlife therefore '''Iscom vaccine''' is used in seal sanctuaries
====Secondary Concerns====
*Can contribute to [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#In Dogs|Infectious canine tracheitis]]
*May be involved in [[Pancreas Inflammatory - Pathology#Chronic interstitial pancreatitis|chronic interstitial pancreatitis]]
*May cause [[Bones Developmental - Pathology#Retention of elongated primary trabeculae|growth retardation lattice]]
*May also trigger latent [[Tissue cyst-forming coccidia|Toxoplasmosis]] due to suppressing effect on lymphoid tissue