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| − | == Epidemiology ==
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| − | *Infects a wide range of host species in different areas of the world
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| − | Babesiosis has severe effects on cattle production in parts of the world. First of all, it prevents European breeds from being successful in tropical regions where [[Ticks|ticks]] are endemic as well as occurring sporadically in the UK and Ireland causing losses of around £8 million per year.
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| − | === '''Life Cycle''' ===
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| − | Both [[Ticks#Disease Transmission|trans-stadial]] and [[Ticks#Disease Transmission|trans-ovarian]] transmission occurs with each female [[Ticks|tick]] producing 3000 eggs and the [[Ticks|tick]] being the definitive host.
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| − | ''Babesia'' multiplies in the red blood cells by '''budding''' and it forms 2-4 daughter cells (species dependent).
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| − | Giemsa blood smears can differentiate between species using 'Difquik' stain.
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| − | *''Babesia'' species are either small or large depending on the size of the daughter cells
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| − | *Small ''Babesia''
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| − | **E.g. ''B. divergens''
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| − | **E.g. ''B. gibsoni''
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| − | **Peripheral nucleus
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| − | **Obtuse angle
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| − | *Large ''Babesia''
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| − | **E.g. ''B. major''
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| − | **E.g. ''B. canis-complex''
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| − | **Central nucleus
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| − | **Acute angle
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| − | *Daughter cells disrupt the red blood cell and are released
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| − | **Spread and infect other red blood cells
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| − | *Antigen is released which adsorbs onto other red blood cells
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| − | **Causes haemolysis and [[Pigmentation - Pathology#Haemoglobin|haemoglobin pigmentation]]
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| − | **Causes haemolytic anaemia, haemoglobinuria and fever
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| − | ===Enzootic Instability===
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| − | *Low rate of transmission
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| − | *Few infected [[Ticks|ticks]]
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| − | *Infrequent exposure
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| − | *Immunity wanes or is completely absent in many individuals
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| − | *Low levels of herd immunity
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| − | *'''Higher''' incidence of disease
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| − | ===Enzootic Stability===
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| − | *High rate of transmission
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| − | *Many infected ticks
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| − | *Frequent exposure boosts immunity
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| − | *High level of herd immunity
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| − | *'''Lower''' incidence of disease
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| − | <big>'''[[Babesiosis - Cattle|Cattle Babesiosis]]
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| − | '''[[Babesia canis]]'''
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| − | '''[[Babesiosis - Horse|Horse Babesiosis]]'''
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| − | '''[[Babesiosis - Small Ruminants|Sheep and Goat Babesiosis]]
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| − | </big>
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| − | *''Babesia bovis'' myositis
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| − | **In cattle
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| − | **Infrequent muscle [[Muscle Necrosis|necrosis]]
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| − | ==Test yourself with the Piroplasmida Flashcards==
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| − | [[Piroplasmida_Flashcards|Piroplasmida Flashcards]]
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| − | [[Category:Piroplasmida]]
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| − | [[Category:To_Do_-_Parasites]]
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