Changes

Filamentous fungal '''hyphae''' are the branching tubular structures of moulds which become entwined as the fungi grows to form a '''mycelium'''. Hyphae grow by apical elongation as new wall material is laid down constantly at the tips of the terminal and lateral branches. Septate hyphae are divided by cross walls into '''septa'''. Each septum has a small central pore (dolipore) maintaining protoplasmic continuity throughout the hyphae allowing rapid nutrient transport and nuclear migration. Dead or damaged parts of septate hyphae are cut off by a plug blocking the septal pore. Non-septate hyphae only form cross walls to cut off dead or damaged parts of the hyphae and to delimit reproductive organs. There are arial (above the surface) and vegetative (surface) hyphae. The aerial hyphae produce spores which are reproductive fungal cells and vegetative mycelium have an assimilative function. There are two main types of spore produced,  '''conidiospores''' and '''sporangiospores'''. These produce asexual spores called '''conidia''' which are relatively resistant to physical and chemical agents.

Filamentous fungal '''hyphae''' are the branching tubular structures of moulds which become entwined as the fungi grows to form a '''mycelium'''. Hyphae grow by apical elongation as new wall material is laid down constantly at the tips of the terminal and lateral branches. Septate hyphae are divided by cross walls into '''septa'''. Each septum has a small central pore (dolipore) maintaining protoplasmic continuity throughout the hyphae allowing rapid nutrient transport and nuclear migration. Dead or damaged parts of septate hyphae are cut off by a plug blocking the septal pore. Non-septate hyphae only form cross walls to cut off dead or damaged parts of the hyphae and to delimit reproductive organs. There are arial (above the surface) and vegetative (surface) hyphae. The aerial hyphae produce spores which are reproductive fungal cells and vegetative mycelium have an assimilative function. There are two main types of spore produced,  '''conidiospores''' and '''sporangiospores'''. These produce asexual spores called '''conidia''' which are relatively resistant to physical and chemical agents.

Dimorphic fungi develop as a mycelium or into another form depending on environmental conditions. There is usually as yeast like parasitic phase and a mycelial saprophytic phase. Dimorphic fungi show phenotypic duality and more than one physiological factors may be involved in dimorphic changes.

Dimorphic fungi develop as a mycelium or into another form depending on environmental conditions. There is usually a yeast like parasitic phase and a mycelial saprophytic phase. Dimorphic fungi show phenotypic duality and more than one physiological factor may be involved in dimorphic changes.

The yeasts range from 3µm to 5µm and are oval or spherical cells. '''Pseudohyphae''' are produced by some yeasts which are chains of irregular yeast cells. '''Dimorphic fungi''' change from the mycelial form into yeasts in certain conditions, e.g. 37°C or when inside animal tissue. Yeasts reproduce mainly by budding of the oval, unicellular or round thallus. The daughter cells may remain attach to the aprent yeast cells for several generations forming chains or colonies. To identify yeasts, the ability to assimilate sugar and nitrogen and the fermentation of various sugar compounds is studied.

The yeasts range from 3µm to 5µm and are oval or spherical cells. '''Pseudohyphae''' are produced by some yeasts which are chains of irregular yeast cells. '''Dimorphic fungi''' change from the mycelial form into yeasts in certain conditions, e.g. 37°C, or when inside animal tissue. Yeasts reproduce mainly by budding of the oval, unicellular or round thallus. The daughter cells may remain attached to the parent yeast cells for several generations forming chains or colonies. To identify yeasts, the ability to assimilate sugar and nitrogen and the fermentation of various sugar compounds is studied.

=Fungal Reproduction=

=Fungal Reproduction=