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| − | ==Signalment==
| + | * Is idiopathic, but appears to be immune mediated. |
| − | *Often affects older animals but kittens of 16 weeks old and puppies of 20 weeks old have been reported. | + | ** Possibly food allergy. |
| − | *Basenjis have been reported to suffer from a severe form known as immunoproliferative disease. | + | *** Change of diet is a potential treatment. |
| | + | **** Disease is often due to something present in the diet for some time, rather than something suddenly introduced. |
| | + | ** Hypersensitivity to inhaled or ingested environmental allergens is another possible cause. |
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| − | | + | * Lymphocytic - plasmacytic enteritis is seen most commonly in the '''dog'''. |
| − | ==Description==
| + | ** Is the most common inflammatory colonic disease of dogs. |
| − | '''Lymphocytic - plasmacytic enteritis (LPE)''' is the most common form of [[Inflammatory Bowel Disease|Inflammatory Bowel Disease]] (IBD). As its name suggests, the predominant cell type in the intestinal mucosa is [[Lymphocytes - Introduction|'''lymphocytes''']] and '''plasma cells'''. Enteric parasites, bacteria in dogs and [[Toxoplasma gondii|''Toxoplasma'']] in cats have been reported to associated with LPE. This disorder in cats have also been shown to associate with concurrent disease of the pancreas and liver such as [[Pancreatitis|pancreatitis]], [[Cholangitis|cholangitis]] and [[Hepatic Lipidosis|hepatic lipidosis]]. LPE is believed to be caused by an abnormal [[Regional Lymphoid Tissue - Anatomy & Physiology|mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)]] response to luminal bacterial, dietary or self-antigens.
| + | ** Sometimes seen in the cat and horse. |
| − | | + | * Affects the [[Small Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|small intestine]], sometimes quite extensively. |
| − | The [[Small Intestine Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|small intestines]] are affected to a variable degree of severity. It has also been known to affect other parts of the gastrointestinal tract such as the [[:Category:Stomach and Abomasum - Pathology|stomach]] and the [[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology|colon]]. In severely affected animals, this will result in a protein-losing enteropathy (PLE).
| + | ** Produces chronic diarrhoea with lymphocytic or plasma cell (rather than macrophage) infiltration of the lamina propria. |
| − | | + | ** Produces a severe [[Intestines Protein-Losing Diseases - Pathology#Protein-Losing Enteropathy (PLE)|protein losing enteropathy]]. |
| − | ==Diagnosis==
| + | * Sometimes eosinophil infiltration is quite marked. |
| − | ===Clinical Signs===
| + | * Has a hereditary basis in the Basenji |
| − | Most common:
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| − | *small intestinal diarrhoea
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| − | *weight loss | |
| − | *protein - losing enteropathy in severe cases
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| − | *chronic vomiting (more common presentation in cats compared to the other signs) | |
| − | *thickened small intestinal loops and mesenteric lymphadenopathy may be detected on physical examination in cats
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| − | Others:
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| − | *appetite changes | |
| − | *excessive borborygmi | |
| − | *abdominal discomfort
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| − | *ascites or subcutaneous oedema if severe PLE resulting in hypoproteinaemia
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| − | *concurrent systemic immune-mediated response and [[Thromboembolism|thromboembolism]] (rare)
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| − | ===Laboratory Tests===
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| − | ====Haematology====
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| − | *Panhypoproteinaemia (non-specific)
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| − | ====Biochemistry====
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| − | *Leucocytosis (non-specific)
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| − | ====Other Tests====
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| − | *Serum trypsin-like immunoassay (TLI) to rule out [[Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency|exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI)]].
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| − | *Faecal analysis to rule out endoparasite and pathogenic bacteria. | |
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| − | ===Diagnostic Imaging===
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| − | *Abdominal radiography is unremarkable, but it can be used to eliminate other differential diagnosis.
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| − | *Abdominal ultrasonography may reveal thickened intestinal walls, mesenteric lymphadenopathy or abdominal effusion. | |
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| − | ===Histopathology===
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| − | Intestinal biopsy is needed for a definitive diagnosis once all the other differential diagnoses have been eliminated.
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| − | Refer to [[Inflammatory Bowel Disease#Lymphocytic - Plasmacytic Enteritis|Lymphocytic - Plasmacytic Enteritis]] for pathology.
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| − | ==Treatment==
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| − | Refer to [[Inflammatory Bowel Disease#Treatment|IBD]]
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| − | ==Prognosis==
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| − | Refer to [[Inflammatory Bowel Disease#Prognosis|IBD]]
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| − | ==References==
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| − | *Ettinger, S.J. and Feldman, E. C. (2000) '''Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine Diseases of the Dog and Cat Volume 2''' (Fifth Edition) ''W.B. Saunders Company''.
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| − | *Hall, E.J, Simpson, J.W. and Williams, D.A. (2005) '''BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Gastroenterology (2nd Edition)''' ''BSAVA''
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| − | *Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G. (2009) '''Small Animal Internal Medicine (Fourth Edition)''' ''Mosby Elsevier''.
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| − | ==Lymphocytic - Plasmacytic Enteritis==
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| − | ====Pathology====
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| − | * Hypersensitivity reaction results in increased GIT permeablility and recruitment of inflammatory cells.
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| − | * Histologically:
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| − | ** Mucosal epithelial-glandular alterations.
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| − | ** Variably increased mucosal infiltrate of lymphocytes and plasma cells.
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| − | *** In these dogs there is an increase in the number of [[IgA]] and [[IgG]] containing cells and CD3+ T-cells.
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| − | **** Can develop into lymphoma.
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| − | *** Changes in the relative and absolute numbers of plasma cells and lymphocytes have been associated with IBD in humans.
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| − | {{unfinished}}
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| − | [[Category:Intestine_-_Inflammatory_Pathology_by_Type]][[Category:To_Do_-_Alimentary]][[Category:To Do - Medium]]
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