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*A syndrome of catharral oculonasal discharge, [[Nasopharynx Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pharyngitis|pharyngitis]] and [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchitis]] is relatively common in the initial stages
 
*A syndrome of catharral oculonasal discharge, [[Nasopharynx Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pharyngitis|pharyngitis]] and [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchitis]] is relatively common in the initial stages
 
*Since one of the primary sites of action of this virus is lymphoid tissue, the resultant immunosuppression -> predisposition to secondary bacterial infection
 
*Since one of the primary sites of action of this virus is lymphoid tissue, the resultant immunosuppression -> predisposition to secondary bacterial infection
*May cause [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Interstitial pneumonia|interstitial pneumonia]] where [[General Pathology - Degenerations and Infiltrations#Cellular Inclusions|inclusions]] are found within alveolar macrophages
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*May cause [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Interstitial pneumonia|interstitial pneumonia]] where [[Degenerations and Infiltrations - Pathology#Cellular Inclusions|inclusions]] are found within alveolar macrophages
 
*Gross pathology:
 
*Gross pathology:
 
**Oedematous lungs, diffuse interstitial pneumonia
 
**Oedematous lungs, diffuse interstitial pneumonia
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*Feline calicivirus more frequently infects the oral mucosa -> ulcerative stomatitis
 
*Feline calicivirus more frequently infects the oral mucosa -> ulcerative stomatitis
 
*''C.psittaci'' more frequently infects the conjunctival epithelium -> chronic conjunctivitis
 
*''C.psittaci'' more frequently infects the conjunctival epithelium -> chronic conjunctivitis
*Infection of the respiratory epithelium by FHV-1 results in a typical neutrophilic rhinitis with intraepitheial intranuclear eosinophilic [[General Pathology - Degenerations and Infiltrations#Cellular Inclusions|inclusion bodies]]  
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*Infection of the respiratory epithelium by FHV-1 results in a typical neutrophilic rhinitis with intraepitheial intranuclear eosinophilic [[Degenerations and Infiltrations - Pathology#Cellular Inclusions|inclusion bodies]]  
 
*Uncomplicated cases resolve in 2-3 weeks
 
*Uncomplicated cases resolve in 2-3 weeks
 
*FHV-1 remains latent in the trigeminal ganglion, and can reactivate at times of stress
 
*FHV-1 remains latent in the trigeminal ganglion, and can reactivate at times of stress
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*Highly infectious URT disease of cattle  
 
*Highly infectious URT disease of cattle  
 
*Spread by movement of animals, aerosol transmission - requires close contact between animals
 
*Spread by movement of animals, aerosol transmission - requires close contact between animals
*Early stages (only first few days) may show [[General Pathology - Degenerations and Infiltrations#Cellular Inclusions|intracellular inclusions]] in the respiratory mucosal epithelial cells
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*Early stages (only first few days) may show [[Degenerations and Infiltrations - Pathology#Cellular Inclusions|intracellular inclusions]] in the respiratory mucosal epithelial cells
 
*Leading to neutrophilic inflammation of varying severity.... serous -> catarrhal -> purulent  
 
*Leading to neutrophilic inflammation of varying severity.... serous -> catarrhal -> purulent  
 
*With secondary bacterial infection (eg: [[Pasteurella species and Mannheimia haemolytica|Pasturella spp.]], [[Mycoplasmas|Mycoplasma spp.]], [[Fusobacterium|Fusobacterium necrophorum]]) can lead to fibrinous to necrotizing inflammation; mucosal sloughing, ulceration... pyrexia, dyspnoea ... [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Aspiration pneumonia|inhalation pneumonia]]... death
 
*With secondary bacterial infection (eg: [[Pasteurella species and Mannheimia haemolytica|Pasturella spp.]], [[Mycoplasmas|Mycoplasma spp.]], [[Fusobacterium|Fusobacterium necrophorum]]) can lead to fibrinous to necrotizing inflammation; mucosal sloughing, ulceration... pyrexia, dyspnoea ... [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Aspiration pneumonia|inhalation pneumonia]]... death
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*Often part of multi-aetiology disease complex (e.g. [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of calves|Enzootic pneumonia of calves]]), often followed by [[Pasteurella species and Mannheimia haemolytica|''Pasteurella sp.'']] obscuring viral origin
 
*Often part of multi-aetiology disease complex (e.g. [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of calves|Enzootic pneumonia of calves]]), often followed by [[Pasteurella species and Mannheimia haemolytica|''Pasteurella sp.'']] obscuring viral origin
 
*Replicates in airway epithelial cells and results in an initial [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchitis -> bronchiolitis]] -> extension into [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|alveoli]], causing [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Bronchointerstitial pneumonia|bronchointerstitial pneumonia]]  
 
*Replicates in airway epithelial cells and results in an initial [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchitis -> bronchiolitis]] -> extension into [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|alveoli]], causing [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Bronchointerstitial pneumonia|bronchointerstitial pneumonia]]  
*Early stages may show [[General Pathology - Degenerations and Infiltrations#Cellular Inclusions|intracytoplasmic inclusions]]
+
*Early stages may show [[Degenerations and Infiltrations - Pathology#Cellular Inclusions|intracytoplasmic inclusions]]
 
*The resulting exudate is predominantly neutrophilic
 
*The resulting exudate is predominantly neutrophilic
 
*Positive confirmation lies in a Fluorescent Antibody Test (FAT) to the specific virus on frozen sections of tissue
 
*Positive confirmation lies in a Fluorescent Antibody Test (FAT) to the specific virus on frozen sections of tissue
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***Results from bronchoconstriction which results in airway obstruction - this constriction is thought to arise from [[Mast Cells - WikiBlood|mast cell]] degranulation and histamine release
 
***Results from bronchoconstriction which results in airway obstruction - this constriction is thought to arise from [[Mast Cells - WikiBlood|mast cell]] degranulation and histamine release
 
*Histologically
 
*Histologically
**[[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Acute bronchitis/bronchiolitis|Acute bronchiolitis]], characteristic of the bronchiolar response is the formation of syncytial giant cells  (formed by proliferating bronchiolar epithelial cells which may contain [[General Pathology - Degenerations and Infiltrations#Cellular Inclusions|intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies]]), alveolar epithelium sometimes affected
+
**[[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Acute bronchitis/bronchiolitis|Acute bronchiolitis]], characteristic of the bronchiolar response is the formation of syncytial giant cells  (formed by proliferating bronchiolar epithelial cells which may contain [[Degenerations and Infiltrations - Pathology#Cellular Inclusions|intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies]]), alveolar epithelium sometimes affected
 
**Obstruction of bronchioles by exudate - these may later become obliterated by the fibrous tissue of organisation
 
**Obstruction of bronchioles by exudate - these may later become obliterated by the fibrous tissue of organisation
 
*May contribute to [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of calves|Enzootic pneumonia of calves]]
 
*May contribute to [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of calves|Enzootic pneumonia of calves]]
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*Gross pathology - catarrhal discharge becoming purulent (secondary infection)
 
*Gross pathology - catarrhal discharge becoming purulent (secondary infection)
 
*Histology:  
 
*Histology:  
**Large basophilic [[General Pathology - Degenerations and Infiltrations#Cellular Inclusions|intranuclear inclusion bodies]] in the surface and subepithelium of nasal and sinus glandular epithelium with lymphocytic infiltration of the mucosa
+
**Large basophilic [[Degenerations and Infiltrations - Pathology#Cellular Inclusions|intranuclear inclusion bodies]] in the surface and subepithelium of nasal and sinus glandular epithelium with lymphocytic infiltration of the mucosa
 
**Bursting of nucleus with cell necrosis and sloughing of necrotic epithelium
 
**Bursting of nucleus with cell necrosis and sloughing of necrotic epithelium
 
*Can develop viraemic stage, with inclusions and focal necrotising lesions in other organs eg: renal tubular epithelium
 
*Can develop viraemic stage, with inclusions and focal necrotising lesions in other organs eg: renal tubular epithelium

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