Difference between revisions of "General Pathology"
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− | # | + | ==An Introduction to General Pathology== |
+ | |||
+ | * The term '''pathology''' is derived from: | ||
+ | ** '''Pathos''', or suffering | ||
+ | ** '''Logos''', or reasoning/logic. | ||
+ | * Pathology is defined as the study of disease including: | ||
+ | ** '''Aetiology''' - causal factor(s) | ||
+ | ** '''Pathogenesis''' - the development of the disease within the body. | ||
+ | ** '''Lesions''' - the observable structural changes in the tissues and fluids of the body. | ||
+ | ** '''Pathophysiology''' - the functional changes in diseased tissues. | ||
+ | ** '''Sequel''' - the consequences of the disease in the body. | ||
+ | ** '''Remote effects''' - the effect of disease in one tissue on other tissues in the body. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Lesions=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Lesions are the abnormalities or changes seen in living tissues due to disease. | ||
+ | * Observed in | ||
+ | ** The live animal | ||
+ | ** Tissues surgically removed from the live animal | ||
+ | *** Biopsy/ excision | ||
+ | ** Animals soon after death | ||
+ | *** Necropsy, post-mortem examination. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ====Decription of Lesions==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Descriptions of lesions is very important | ||
+ | * Whole organs, tissues or individual lesions are described under headings such as | ||
+ | *# Size | ||
+ | *# Shape | ||
+ | *# Colour | ||
+ | *# Weight | ||
+ | *#* Generally in relation to body weight | ||
+ | *# Texture and Consistency | ||
+ | *# Appearance of the cut surface | ||
+ | *# Contents of hollow organs | ||
+ | *# Position, relationships and effects on adjacent tissues | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Disease=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ====Definition and Type==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | * '''Disease''' is a definite morbid (illness producing) process, having a characteristic train of symptoms or signs. | ||
+ | ** May affect the whole body or any of its parts. | ||
+ | ** The disease's aetiology, pathology and prognosis may be known or unknown. | ||
+ | * There are two main categories of disease. | ||
+ | *# '''Acute''' | ||
+ | *#* Characterised by sudden onset and short duration. | ||
+ | *#* The outcome of acute disease may be: | ||
+ | *#** Death | ||
+ | *#** Resolution due to host defence response or clinical therapy | ||
+ | *#** Progression to chronic disease | ||
+ | *# '''Chronic''' | ||
+ | *#* Characterised by insidious onset and protracted course. | ||
+ | *#* The outcome of chronic disease may be: | ||
+ | *#** Progressive destruction of tissue | ||
+ | *#*** Compromises funtion and endangers life, | ||
+ | *#** The halting of the course of disease, with tissue repair by scarring. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ====Factors Involved in the Development of Disease==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | * There are three factors which conspire with each other to produce disease. | ||
+ | *# '''The individual animal'''. | ||
+ | *#* In particular, the animal's nutritional and immune status | ||
+ | *#** This is modified by: | ||
+ | *#*** Recent or concurrent disease | ||
+ | *#*** Previous exposure to the agent(s) responsible | ||
+ | *# '''The disease-causing agent(s)'''. | ||
+ | *#* Most do not cause a uniform pattern of disease | ||
+ | *#** Host defences are important in determining the presentation of the disease. | ||
+ | *#* An agent's capacity to produce disease depends upon: | ||
+ | *#** The dose and /or | ||
+ | *#** The virulence of the agent | ||
+ | *#* Several agents may be involved. | ||
+ | *#** Usually one agent debilitates, allowing others to exert a greater effect within the body | ||
+ | *#* The presence of an agent does not necessarily mean it is the cause of the disease! | ||
+ | *#* A pathogenic agent may be absent from the tissues, due to: | ||
+ | *#** Clinical therapy and/or | ||
+ | *#** Host defence systems | ||
+ | *# '''Environment''', for example: | ||
+ | *#* Overcrowding of animals | ||
+ | *#* Mixing animals from differing origins | ||
+ | *#** Carriers are allowed to infect susceptible animals. | ||
+ | *#*** Carriers are animals which harbour the pathogenic agent but do not show signs of disease. | ||
+ | *#* Changes in management routine | ||
+ | |||
+ | ====Types of Agents Causing Disease==== | ||
+ | ====Aspects of Disease==== | ||
+ | ====Post Mortem Examination==== | ||
+ | ====Techniques Involved in Pathological Examination==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Degenerations and Infiltrations== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Cellular Swelling=== | ||
+ | ===Hydropic Degeneration=== | ||
+ | ===Cellular Faty Change=== | ||
+ | ===Mucoid Degeneration=== | ||
+ | ===Hyaline Degeneration=== | ||
+ | ====Fibrinoid Degeneration==== | ||
+ | ====Amyloidosis==== | ||
+ | ===Glycogen Infiltration=== | ||
+ | ===Cellular Inclusions=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ==Necrosis== | ||
+ | ===Causes of Necrosis=== | ||
+ | ===Gross and Histological Features of Necrotic Lesions=== | ||
+ | ====Coagulation Necrosis==== | ||
+ | ====Liquefactive Necrosis==== | ||
+ | ====Caseation Necrosis==== | ||
+ | ===Sequel to Necrosis=== | ||
+ | ====Fat Necrosis==== | ||
+ | ====Gangrene==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Post Mortem Change== | ||
+ | ===Types of Post Mortem Change=== | ||
+ | ====Rigor Mortis==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ====Post Mortem Clotting of Blood==== | ||
+ | ====Hypostatic Congestion==== | ||
+ | ====Post Mortem Imbibition of Blood==== | ||
+ | ====Inbibition of Bile Pigment==== | ||
+ | ====Gaseous Distenstion of the Alimentary Tract==== | ||
+ | ====Autolysis==== | ||
+ | ====Putrefaction==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Pigmentation and Calcification== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Exogenous Pigmentation=== | ||
+ | ====Carbon (Anthracosis)==== | ||
+ | ====Pneumoconiosis==== | ||
+ | ====Carotenoids==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Endogenous Pigmentation=== | ||
+ | ====Melanin==== | ||
+ | ====Blood Pigments==== | ||
+ | =====Haemoglobin===== | ||
+ | =====Haemosiderin===== | ||
+ | =====Haematin===== | ||
+ | =====Jaundice===== | ||
+ | =====Haematoidin===== | ||
+ | =====Porphyria===== | ||
+ | ====Lipofuscin==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ===Mineralisation=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ====Calcification==== | ||
+ | =====Dystrophic===== | ||
+ | =====Metastatic (Hypercalcaemia)===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Circulatory Disorders== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Introduction==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ====Venous Congestion and Hyperaemia==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ====Oedema==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ====Dehydration==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ====Shock==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ====Haemorrhage==== | ||
+ | =====Rhexis===== | ||
+ | =====Diapedesis===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ====Haemostasis==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ====Thrombus==== | ||
+ | =====Causes===== | ||
+ | =====Evolution===== | ||
+ | =====Embolism===== | ||
+ | =====Post Mortem Clots===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ====Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Inflammation== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Cardinal Signs=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Causes=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Acute=== | ||
+ | ====Introduction==== | ||
+ | ====Sequence of Events==== | ||
+ | ====Fluids==== | ||
+ | =====Serous===== | ||
+ | =====Catarrhal===== | ||
+ | =====Fibrinous===== | ||
+ | =====Diptheritic===== | ||
+ | =====Haemorrhagic===== | ||
+ | =====Purulent===== | ||
+ | =====Functions of Exudate===== | ||
+ | =====Sequel to Exudation===== | ||
+ | ====Cells==== | ||
+ | =====Neutrophils===== | ||
+ | =====Eosinophils===== | ||
+ | =====Mast Cells===== | ||
+ | =====Basophils===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Chronic=== | ||
+ | ====Introduction==== | ||
+ | ====Cells==== | ||
+ | =====Macrophages===== | ||
+ | =====Lymphocytes===== | ||
+ | ====Types==== | ||
+ | =====Granulomatous Inflammation===== | ||
+ | =====Granulation Tissue===== | ||
+ | =====Lymphocytic Inflammation===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Changes in Inflammatory Cells Circulating in Blood=== | ||
+ | ====Neutrophilia==== | ||
+ | ====Neutopenia==== | ||
+ | ====Eosinophilia==== | ||
+ | ====Eosinopenia==== | ||
+ | ====Lymphocytosis==== | ||
+ | ====Lymphopenia==== | ||
+ | ====Plasma Cells==== | ||
+ | ====Monocytosis==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Role of The Lymph Node in Inflammation=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Healing and Repair=== | ||
+ | ====Introduction==== | ||
+ | ====Repair==== | ||
+ | =====Regeneration===== | ||
+ | =====Replacement===== | ||
+ | ====In Particular Tissues==== | ||
+ | =====Skin===== | ||
+ | ======First Intention====== | ||
+ | ======Second Intention====== | ||
+ | =====Bones===== | ||
+ | =====Respiratory Tract===== | ||
+ | =====Alimentary Tract===== | ||
+ | =====Urinary Tract===== | ||
+ | =====Genital Tract===== | ||
+ | =====Central Nervous System===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Growth Disorders== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Congenital=== | ||
+ | ====Causes==== | ||
+ | ====Malformations==== | ||
+ | =====Cyclops===== | ||
+ | =====Bulldog Calf===== | ||
+ | =====Cleft Palate===== | ||
+ | =====Cystic Kidney===== | ||
+ | =====Spina Bifida===== | ||
+ | =====Hydrocephalus===== | ||
+ | =====Cerebellar Hypoplasia===== | ||
+ | =====Skeletal Malformations===== | ||
+ | =====Skin Defects===== | ||
+ | =====Muscular Defects===== | ||
+ | =====Cardiac Defects===== | ||
+ | =====Sexual Organ Malformation===== | ||
+ | =====Metabolic Diseases===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Growth Disorders During Life=== | ||
+ | ====Atrophy==== | ||
+ | ====Hypertrophy==== | ||
+ | ====Hypoplasia==== | ||
+ | ====Hyperplasia==== | ||
+ | ====Metaplasia==== | ||
+ | ====Dysplasia==== | ||
+ | ====Anaplasia==== | ||
+ | ====Neoplasia==== | ||
+ | =====Benign Tumours===== | ||
+ | =====Malignant Tumours===== | ||
+ | =====Aetiology of Tumours===== | ||
+ | =====Phases of Tumour Growth===== | ||
+ | =====Tumour Classification and Nomenclature===== |
Revision as of 19:16, 19 August 2007
An Introduction to General Pathology
- The term pathology is derived from:
- Pathos, or suffering
- Logos, or reasoning/logic.
- Pathology is defined as the study of disease including:
- Aetiology - causal factor(s)
- Pathogenesis - the development of the disease within the body.
- Lesions - the observable structural changes in the tissues and fluids of the body.
- Pathophysiology - the functional changes in diseased tissues.
- Sequel - the consequences of the disease in the body.
- Remote effects - the effect of disease in one tissue on other tissues in the body.
Lesions
- Lesions are the abnormalities or changes seen in living tissues due to disease.
- Observed in
- The live animal
- Tissues surgically removed from the live animal
- Biopsy/ excision
- Animals soon after death
- Necropsy, post-mortem examination.
Decription of Lesions
- Descriptions of lesions is very important
- Whole organs, tissues or individual lesions are described under headings such as
- Size
- Shape
- Colour
- Weight
- Generally in relation to body weight
- Texture and Consistency
- Appearance of the cut surface
- Contents of hollow organs
- Position, relationships and effects on adjacent tissues
Disease
Definition and Type
- Disease is a definite morbid (illness producing) process, having a characteristic train of symptoms or signs.
- May affect the whole body or any of its parts.
- The disease's aetiology, pathology and prognosis may be known or unknown.
- There are two main categories of disease.
- Acute
- Characterised by sudden onset and short duration.
- The outcome of acute disease may be:
- Death
- Resolution due to host defence response or clinical therapy
- Progression to chronic disease
- Chronic
- Characterised by insidious onset and protracted course.
- The outcome of chronic disease may be:
- Progressive destruction of tissue
- Compromises funtion and endangers life,
- The halting of the course of disease, with tissue repair by scarring.
- Progressive destruction of tissue
- Acute
Factors Involved in the Development of Disease
- There are three factors which conspire with each other to produce disease.
- The individual animal.
- In particular, the animal's nutritional and immune status
- This is modified by:
- Recent or concurrent disease
- Previous exposure to the agent(s) responsible
- This is modified by:
- In particular, the animal's nutritional and immune status
- The disease-causing agent(s).
- Most do not cause a uniform pattern of disease
- Host defences are important in determining the presentation of the disease.
- An agent's capacity to produce disease depends upon:
- The dose and /or
- The virulence of the agent
- Several agents may be involved.
- Usually one agent debilitates, allowing others to exert a greater effect within the body
- The presence of an agent does not necessarily mean it is the cause of the disease!
- A pathogenic agent may be absent from the tissues, due to:
- Clinical therapy and/or
- Host defence systems
- Most do not cause a uniform pattern of disease
- Environment, for example:
- Overcrowding of animals
- Mixing animals from differing origins
- Carriers are allowed to infect susceptible animals.
- Carriers are animals which harbour the pathogenic agent but do not show signs of disease.
- Carriers are allowed to infect susceptible animals.
- Changes in management routine
- The individual animal.