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{{toplink
{{toplink
|linkpage =Helminths
|linkpage =Helminths
|linktext =HELMINTHS
|linktext =HELMINTHS
|pagetype =Bugs
|pagetype =Bugs
}}
}}
==<font color="purple">Cestodes</font>==
===Cestodes===
<FlashCard questions="13">
|q1=Fill in the missing words about cestodes:<p>
A cestode (tapeworm) is a chain (???) of progressively maturing reproductive units called ??? anchored at one end to the intestinal wall by a hold-fast organ called the ???.
</p>
|a1=
*strobila
*proglottids
||[[Cyclophyllidea#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
*scolex
|l1=Cyclophyllidea#Introduction
|q2=What species of Taenia occur in dogs?
||<font color="white"> <big>
|a2=
*'''''Taenia ovis'''''
*Taenia ovis
*'''''Taenia hydatigena'''''
*Taenia hydatigena
*'''''Taenia pisiformis'''''
*Taenia pisiformis
*'''''Taenia multiceps'''''
*Taenia multiceps
*'''''Taenia serialis'''''
*Taenia serialis
||[[Taenia#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
|l2=Taenia#Introduction
|q3=Describe the features of a cysticercus
|a3=Fluid filled bladder, containing a single invaginated head (protoscolex) - seen as a white blob on the wall of the cyst
||<font color="white"> <big>
|l3=Cyclophyllidea#Life-Cycle
|q4=In which host(s) would you expect to find the cysticercus of ''T. hydatigena'' and where in the host might it be found?
||[[Cyclophyllidea#Life-Cycle|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
|a4=
*Sheep (mostly)'
*Cattle
||<font color="white"> <big>
*Pigs
*'''''Sheep (mostly)''''''
*Found in the peritoneal cavity
*'''''Cattle'''''
|l4=Taenia#Structure and Function
*'''''Pigs'''''
|q5=What is the difference between a coenurus and a cysticercus?
*'''''Found in the peritoneal cavity
|a5=
||[[Taenia#Structure and Function|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
*A coenurus is a fluid filled bladder with multiples (dozens) of inverted scolices attached to the wall
*Whereas the cysticercus has only a single inverted scolex.
|l5=Cyclophyllidea#Life-Cycle
||<font color="white"> <big>
|q6=How does the distribution of hydatid cysts differ in sheep, horses and humans?
*'''''A coenurus is a fluid filled bladder with multiples (dozens) of inverted scolices attached to the wall'''''
|a6=
*'''''Whereas the cysticercus has only a single inverted scolex.'''''
*Sheep = most are in the lungs with smaller numbers in the liver
||[[Cyclophyllidea#Life-Cycle|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
*Horses = nearly all are in the liver
*Humans = most are in the liver, with some in the lungs and a few elsewhere
|l6=Echinococcus#Life-Cycle
||<font color="white"> <big>
|q7=What tapeworms occur in the cat?
|a7=
*'''''Horses = nearly all are in the liver'''''
*Taenia taeniaeformis
*'''''Humans = most are in the liver, with some in the lungs and a few elsewhere'''''
*Dipylidium
||[[Echinococcus#Life-Cycle|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
|l7=Taenia#Introduction
|-
|q8=Why is it so difficult to prevent many cats from becoming re-infected with ''T. taeniaeformis''?
|<big>'''What tapeworms occur in the cat?'''
|a8=The intermediate hosts are mice and other small mammals that are hunted
||<font color="white"> <big>
|l8=Taenia#Taenia spp of the Cat
|q9=Where in the host (horse) would you expect to find ''Anoplocephala''?
|a9=Ileo-caecal junction
||[[Taenia#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
|l9=Anoplocephala#Life-Cycle
|-
|q10=Why are ''Anoplocephala'' eggs rarely seen on routine faecal examination?
|<big>'''Why is it so difficult to prevent many cats from becoming re-infected with ''T. taeniaeformis''?'''
|a10=They are dense structures and do not always float in the flotation media used in routine diagnosis
||<font color="white"> <big>
|l10=Anoplocephala#Life-Cycle
|q11=Why is it so difficult to prevent grazing horses from becoming re-infected with ''Anoplocephala''?
||[[Taenia#Taenia spp of the Cat|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
|a11=The intermediate hosts are ubiquitous free-living pasture mites
|-
|l11=Anoplocephala#Life-Cycle
|<big>'''Where in the host (horse) would you expect to find ''Anoplocephala''?'''
|q12=Describe the appearance of ''Moniezia
||<font color="white"> <big>
|a12=
*Long tapeworm (up to 2m)
||[[Anoplocephala#Life-Cycle|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
*Segments much wider than they are long
|-
|l12=Moniezia#Introduction
|<big>'''Why are ''Anoplocephala'' eggs rarely seen on routine faecal examination?'''
|q13=Why is ''T. solium'' more dangerous to human health than ''T. saginata''?
||<font color="white"> <big>
|a13=If T. solium eggs get into the human small intestine, they will hatch and cysticerci can establish in the musculature and CNS. This does not happen with T. saginata.
|l13=Taenia#T. solium, the Pork Tapeworm of Humans
</FlashCard>
===Trematodes===
<FlashCard questions="7">
||<font color="white"> <big>
|q1=What are the most diagnostic features of the ''Fasciola hepatica'' egg?
*'''''The intermediate hosts are ubiquitous free-living pasture mites'''''
|a1=
||[[Anoplocephala#Life-Cycle|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
*Oval and brown
*Granular contents
*Operculum ('trap-door') at one end
*Double the size of a typical strongyle egg
|l1=Trematodes#Life-cycle stages
|q2=Fill in the missing words about ''Lymnaea truncatula'':
||[[Moniezia#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
<p>''Lymnaea truncatula'' is the intermediate host for (???). It is found in ???, and feeds on ???. It has a ??? with 5-6 spirals.</p>
|a2=
|<big>'''Why is ''T. solium'' more dangerous to human health than ''T. saginata''?'''
*Fasciola hepatica
||<font color="white"> <big>
*muddy areas
*'''''If T. solium eggs get into the human small intestine, they will hatch and cysticerci can establish in the musculature and CNS. This does not happen with T. saginata.'''''
*slimy green algae
||[[Taenia#T. solium, the Pork Tapeworm of Humans|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
*brown-black shell
|}
|l2=Fasciola#Lymnaea truncatula
|q3=What is the post mortem appearance of the liver in cases of acute fasciolosis?
|a3=
*Haemorrhagic tracts
*Enlarged, pale and friable
|l3=Fasciola#Pathogenesis of acute fasciolosis
|q4=What time of year do the clinical signs of chronic fasciolosis become apparent?
|a4=January - March
|-
|l4=Fasciola#Chronic fasciolosis
|q5=Why is ''Dicrocoelium'' less pathogenic than ''Fasciola''?
||<font color="white"> <big>
|a5=Migrates directly up the common bile duct and therefore does NOT migrate through the parenchyma (unlike ''Fasciola'')
*'''''Oval and brown'''''
|l5=Dicrocoelium#Dicrocoelium dendriticum
*'''''Granular contents'''''
|q6=Is ''Paramphistomum'' found in the UK?
|a6=Rare in the UK, but can cause severe losses in ruminants in the wet tropics
|l6=Paramphistomum#Paramphistomum Species
|q7=What is the major cause of pathogenicity in schistosome infections?
|-
|a7=
|<big>'''Fill in the missing words about ''Lymnaea truncatula'''''
*The eggs have a spike to help them work their way into the intestine or urinary bladder
||<big>''Lymnaea truncatula'' is the intermediate host for (<font color="white">'''''Fasciola hepatica'''''</font>). It is found in <font color="white">'''''muddy areas'''''</font>, and feeds on <font color="white">'''''slimy green algae'''''</font>. It has a <font color="white">'''''brown-black shell'''''</font> with 5-6 spirals.
*This causes mechanical damage and inflammatory responses that are exacerbated by antigens released by the eggs
||[[Fasciola#Lymnaea truncatula|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
|l7=Schistosoma#Schistosoma Species
</FlashCard>
|<big>'''What is the post mortem appearance of the liver in cases of acute fasciolosis?'''
===Nematodes===
<FlashCard questions="4">
|q1=What is the function of the bursa in bursate nematodes?
|a1=Clasp the female during mating
|l1=Nematodes#Recognition Features
|q2=Which four superfamilies have bursate males?
|a2=
*Trichostrongyloidea
*Strongyloidea
*Ancylostomoidea (the hookworms)
*Metastrongyloidea
|l2=Nematodes#Nematode Superfamilies
|q3=What are the different ways in which intestinal nematodes can feed?
|a3=
*Swallow ingesta and/or host secretions
*Suck a plug of mucosa into the buccal cavity (plug feeders), leaving a circular ulcer
*Bury the head deep into the mucosa and suck blood
|l3=Nematodes#Nematode Superfamilies
|q4=Name the six different non-bursate nematode superfamilies
|a4=
*Ascaridoidea
*Oxyuroidea
*Rhabditoidea
*Trichinelloidea
*Spiruroidea
*Filarioidea
|l4=Nematodes#Feeding Habits
</FlashCard>