Difference between revisions of "Protozoa Flashcards"

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[[Image:Toxoplasma gondii.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Toxoplasma gondii'' - Ke Hu and John Murray]]
 
[[Image:Toxoplasma gondii.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Toxoplasma gondii'' - Ke Hu and John Murray]]
−
 
+
===Protozoa===
−
==<font color="purple">Protozoa</font>==
+
<FlashCard questions="3">
−
{| border="3" cellpadding="8"
+
|q1=What are the four different ways protozoa can move?
−
!width="400"|'''Question'''
+
|a1=
−
!width="400"|'''Answer'''
+
*Cilia
−
!width="150"|'''Article'''
+
*Flagellum
−
|-
+
*Pseduopodia
−
|<big>'''What are the four different ways protozoa can move?'''
+
*Gliding
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
|l1=Protozoa#Structure and function
−
*'''''Cilia'''''
+
|q2=How do protozoa reproduce?
−
*'''''Flagellum'''''
+
|a2=
−
*'''''Pseduopodia'''''
+
*By binary fission
−
*'''''Gliding'''''
+
*By schizogony
−
||[[Protozoa#Structure and function|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
*By sporogony
−
|-
+
*By gametogeny
−
|<big>'''How do protozoa reproduce?'''
+
|l2=Protozoa#Life Cycle
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
|q3=Briefly summarise the life cycle of protozoa
−
*'''''By binary fission'''''
+
|a3=
−
*'''''By schizogony'''''
+
*The infectious sporozoite are released from the oocyst invading epithelial tissue
−
*'''''By sporogony'''''
+
*The nucleus of the sporozoites divides forming a schizont which contains merozoites (schizogony)
−
*'''''By gametogeny'''''
+
*Schizont ruptures releasing merozoites which form micro and macrogamonts in the epithelial tissue (gametogeny)
−
||[[Protozoa#Life Cycle|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
*Microgamonts penetrate the macrogamont forming the zygote
−
|-
+
*The zygote forms the oocyst which is passed in the faeces
−
|<big>'''Briefly summarise the life cycle of protozoa'''
+
*Sporulation occurs which makes the oocyst infectious
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
|l3=Protozoa#Example of a Protozoal Life Cycle
−
*'''''The infectious sporozoite are released from the oocyst invading epithelial tissue'''''
+
</FlashCard>
−
*'''''The nucleus of the sporozoites divides forming a schizont which contains merozoites (schizogony)'''''
+
===Coccidia===
−
*'''''Schizont ruptures releasing merozoites which form micro and macrogamonts in the epithelial tissue (gametogeny)'''''
+
<FlashCard questions="10">
−
*'''''Microgamonts penetrate the macrogamont forming the zygote'''''
+
|q1=What is the transmission and life cycle of ''Eimeria'' species?
−
*'''''The zygote forms the oocyst which is passed in the faeces'''''
+
|a1=
−
*'''''Sporulation occurs which makes the oocyst infectious'''''
+
*Direct transmission
−
||[[Protozoa#Example of a Protozoal Life Cycle|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
*Faecal-oral route
−
|}
+
|l1=Coccidia#Eimeria
−
 
+
|q2=What is the transmission and life cycle of ''Isospora'' species?
−
==<font color="purple">Coccidia</font>==
+
|a2=
−
{| border="3" cellpadding="8"
+
*Usually direct transmission by the faecal-oral route
−
!width="400"|'''Question'''
+
*Some species use facultative intermediate hosts forming tissue cysts
−
!width="400"|'''Answer'''
+
**Transmission is then by the faecal-oral or route or via ingestion of the intermediate host
−
!width="150"|'''Article'''
+
|l2=Coccidia#Isospora
−
|-
+
|q3=How long is the prepatent period of poultry ''Eimeria'' species?
−
|<big>'''What is the transmission and life cycle of ''Eimeria'' species?'''
+
|a3=
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
*1 week
−
*'''''Direct transmission'''''
+
*Sporulation takes 2-3 days
−
*'''''Faecal-oral route'''''
+
|l3=Coccidia#Coccidia of Poultry
−
||[[Coccidia#Eimeria|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
|q4=Name the malabsorptive ''Eimeria'' species
−
|-
+
|a4=
−
|<big>'''What is the transmission and life cycle of ''Isospora'' species?'''
+
*E. maxima
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
*E. acervulina
−
*'''''Usually direct transmission by the faecal-oral route'''''
+
*E. mitis
−
*'''''Some species use facultative intermediate hosts forming tissue cysts'''''
+
*E. praecox
−
**'''''Transmission is then by the faecal-oral or route or via ingestion of the intermediate host'''''
+
|l4=Coccidia#Coccidia of Poultry
−
||[[Coccidia#Isospora|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
|q5=Name the haemorrhagic ''Eimeria'' species
−
|-
+
|a5=
−
|<big>'''How long is the prepatent period of poultry ''Eimeria'' species?'''
+
*E. necatrix
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
*E. brunetti
−
*'''''1 week'''''
+
*E. tenella
−
*'''''Sporulation takes 2-3 days'''''
+
|l5=Coccidia#Coccidia of Poultry
−
||[[Coccidia#Coccidia of Poultry|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
|q6=Which area of the gastrointestinal tract does ''E. acervulina, E. maxima'', E. tenella'' and ''E. necatrix'' affect and what kind of lesions are produced?
−
|-
+
|a6=
−
|<big>'''Name the malabsorptive ''Eimeria'' species'''
+
*E. acervulina affects the proximal gut forming white ladder lesions
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
*E. maxima affects the mid-gut producing a pink exudate
−
*'''''E. maxima'''''
+
*E. tenella affects the ceaca forming a core of dark, haemorrhagic blood
−
*'''''E. acervulina'''''
+
*E. necatrix affects the mid-gut forming salt and pepper leions
−
*'''''E. mitis'''''
+
|l6=Coccidia#Coccidia of Poultry
−
*'''''E. praecox'''''
+
|q7=What are the two main ''Eimeria'' species which affect cattle and what is the prepatent period?
−
||[[Coccidia#Coccidia of Poultry|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
|a7=
−
|-
+
*E. zuernii
−
|<big>'''Name the haemorrhagic ''Eimeria'' species'''
+
*E. bovis
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
*2-3 week prepatent period
−
*'''''E. necatrix'''''
+
|l7=Coccidia#Coccidia of Cattle
−
*'''''E. brunetti'''''
+
|q8=What are the two significant ''Eimeria'' species which affect sheep and what is the prepatent period?
−
*'''''E. tenella'''''
+
|a8=
−
||[[Coccidia#Coccidia of Poultry|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
*E. ovinoidalis
−
|-
+
*E. crandalis
−
|<big>'''Which area of the gastrointestinal tract does ''E. acervulina, E. maxima'', E. tenella'' and ''E. necatrix'' affect and what kind of lesions are produced?'''
+
*2 week prepatent period
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
|l8=Coccidia#Coccidia of Sheep
−
*'''''E. acervulina affects the proximal gut forming white ladder lesions'''''
+
|q9=What is the most significant species of ''Isospora'' which affects pigs and what the prepatent period?
−
*'''''E. maxima affects the mid-gut producing a pink exudate'''''
+
|a9=
−
*'''''E. tenella affects the ceaca forming a core of dark, haemorrhagic blood'''''
+
*I. suis
−
*'''''E. necatrix affects the mid-gut forming salt and pepper leions'''''
+
*1 week prepatent period
−
||[[Coccidia#Coccidia of Poultry|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
|l9=Coccidia#Coccidia of Pigs
−
|-
+
|q10=Which parts of the gastrointestinal tract do the ''Eimeria'' species which affects rabbits inhabit?
−
|<big>'''What are the two main ''Eimeria'' species which affect cattle and what is the prepatent period?'''
+
|a10=
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
*2 inhabit the caecum
−
*'''''E. zuernii'''''
+
*1 inhabits the bile duct epithelium (E. steidae)
−
*'''''E. bovis'''''
+
|l10=Coccidia#Coccidia of Rabbits
−
*'''''2-3 week prepatent period'''''
+
</FlashCard>
−
||[[Coccidia#Coccidia of Cattle|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
===Cryptosporidia===
−
|-
+
<FlashCard questions="4">
−
|<big>'''What are the two significant ''Eimeria'' species which affect sheep and what is the prepatent period?'''
+
|q1=What is the main species of ''Cryptosporidium'' which infects humans and domestic animals?
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
|a1=C. parvum
−
*'''''E. ovinoidalis'''''
+
|l1=Cryptosporidium#Recognition
−
*'''''E. crandalis'''''
+
|q2=True or False: In ''Cryptosporidium'' infections unsporulated oocysts are passed in the faeces
−
*'''''2 week prepatent period'''''
+
|a2=
−
||[[Coccidia#Coccidia of Sheep|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
*False
−
|-
+
*Sporulated oocysts are passed in the faeces
−
|<big>'''What is the most significant species of ''Isospora'' which affects pigs and what the prepatent period?'''
+
|l2=Cryptosporidium#Life Cycle
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
|q3=How are ''Cryptosporidium'' infections passed between hosts?
−
*'''''I. suis'''''
+
|a3=
−
*'''''1 week prepatent period'''''
+
*Direct faecal-oral transmission
−
||[[Coccidia#Coccidia of Pigs|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
*Water-bourne infections
−
|-
+
*Autoinfection can also occur
−
|<big>'''Which parts of the gastrointestinal tract do the ''Eimeria'' species which affects rabbits inhabit?'''
+
|l3=Cryptosporidium#Epidemiology
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
|q4=How are ''Cryptosporidium'' infections prevented?
−
*'''''2 inhabit the caecum'''''
+
|a4=
−
*'''''1 inhabits the bile duct epithelium (E. steidae)'''''
+
*Isolate and quarantine brought in calves
−
||[[Coccidia#Coccidia of Rabbits|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
*Good hygiene and adequate disinfection of calf pens
−
|}
+
*Goog hygiene of humans working and visiting farms
−
 
+
*Halofuginone and other drug treatments
−
==<font color="purple">Cryptosporidia</font>==
+
|l4=Cryptosporidium#Control
−
{| border="3" cellpadding="8"
+
</FlashCard>
−
!width="400"|'''Question'''
+
===Giardia===
−
!width="400"|'''Answer'''
+
<FlashCard questions="3">
−
!width="150"|'''Article'''
+
|q1=What is the key points of the life cycle and prepatent period of ''Giardia''?
−
|-
+
|a1=
−
|<big>'''What is the main species of ''Cryptosporidium'' which infects humans and domestic animals?'''
+
*Simple life cycle
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
*Direct life cycle
−
*'''''C. parvum'''''
+
*Reproduce by binary fission
−
||[[Cryptosporidium#Recognition|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
*5-6 day prepatent period
−
|-
+
|l1=Giardia#Life Cycle
−
|<big>'''True or False: In ''Cryptosporidium'' infections unsporulated oocysts are passed in the faeces'''
+
|q2=How do both people and animals become infected by ''Giardia''?
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
|a2=
−
*'''''False'''''
+
*Water bourne transmission
−
*'''''Sporulated oocysts are passed in the faeces'''''
+
*Direct faecal-oral transmission
−
||[[Cryptosporidium#Life Cycle|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
|l2=Giardia#Epidemiology
−
|-
+
|q3=How would you diagnose a ''Giardia'' infection?
−
|<big>'''How are ''Cryptosporidium'' infections passed between hosts?'''
+
|a3=
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
*The cysts are heavy and do not float well in saturated sodium chloride solution
−
*'''''Direct faecal-oral transmission'''''
+
*Cysts excretion is intermittent so faeces need to be collected and sampled over 3 days
−
*'''''Water-bourne infections'''''
+
*Cyst antigen can be detected in faeces by an immunoassay
−
*'''''Autoinfection can also occur'''''
+
|l3=Giardia#Diagnosis
−
||[[Cryptosporidium#Epidemiology|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
</FlashCard>
−
|-
+
===Piroplasmida===
−
|<big>'''How are ''Cryptosporidium'' infections prevented?'''
+
<FlashCard questions="11">
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
|q1=True or False: Both trans-stadial and trans-ovarian transmission can occur in ''Babesia'' species
−
*'''''Isolate and quarantine brought in calves'''''
+
|a1=True
−
*'''''Good hygiene and adequate disinfection of calf pens'''''
+
|l1=Piroplasmida#Babesia
−
*'''''Goog hygiene of humans working and visiting farms'''''
+
|q2=What are the recognisable features of small ''Babesia'' species and give an example
−
*'''''Halofuginone and other drug treatments'''''
+
|a2=
−
||[[Cryptosporidium#Control|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
*Peripheral nucleus
−
|}
+
*Obtuse angle
−
 
+
*B. divergens
−
==<font color="purple">Giardia</font>==
+
|l2=Piroplasmida#Babesia
−
{| border="3" cellpadding="8"
+
|q3=What are the recognisable features of large ''Babesia'' species and give an example
−
!width="400"|'''Question'''
+
|a3=
−
!width="400"|'''Answer'''
+
*Central nucleus
−
!width="150"|'''Article'''
+
*Acute angle
−
|-
+
*B. major
−
|<big>'''What is the key points of the life cycle and prepatent period of ''Giardia''?'''
+
|l3=Piroplasmida#Babesia
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
|q4=What are the predisposing features to ''Babesia'' infection?
−
*'''''Simple life cycle'''''
+
|a4=
−
*'''''Direct life cycle'''''
+
*Susceptible animals introduced into an infected area
−
*'''''Reproduce by binary fission'''''
+
*Infected ticks introduced into a clean area
−
*'''''5-6 day prepatent period'''''
+
*Infected cattle introduced into an area with clean ticks
−
||[[Giardia#Life Cycle|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
*Temporary reduction in the tick population decreasing the transmission rate (causing enzootic instability)
−
|-
+
*Infected are transported or stressed in other ways, e.g. parturition
−
|<big>'''How do both people and animals become infected by ''Giardia''?'''
+
|l4=Piroplasmida#Babesia
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
|q5=What are the different vectors for ''Babesia'' species?
−
*'''''Water bourne transmission'''''
+
|a5=
−
*'''''Direct faecal-oral transmission'''''
+
*Ixodes ricinus for B. divergens
−
||[[Giardia#Epidemiology|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
*Haemaphysalis for B. major
−
|-
+
*Boophilus for B. bovis and B. bigemina
−
|<big>'''How would you diagnose a ''Giardia'' infection?'''
+
*Dermacentor and Rhipicephalus for B. canis
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
|l5=Piroplasmida#Babesia
−
*'''''The cysts are heavy and do not float well in saturated sodium chloride solution'''''
+
|q6=What species are the natural vectors for ''Cytauxzoon''?
−
*'''''Cysts excretion is intermittent so faeces need to be collected and sampled over 3 days'''''
+
|a6=Ticks 
−
*'''''Cyst antigen can be detected in faeces by an immunoassay'''''
+
|l6=Piroplasmida#Cytauxzoon felis
−
||[[Giardia#Diagnosis|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
|q7=Where do schizonts of ''Cytauxzoon felis'' develop?
−
|}
+
|a7=In macrophages 
−
 
+
|l7=Piroplasmida#Cytauxzoon felis
−
==<font color="purple">Piroplasmida</font>==
+
|q8=What is the main condition caused by ''Theileria parva''?
−
{| border="3" cellpadding="8"
+
|a8=East Coast Fever 
−
!width="400"|'''Question'''
+
|l8=Piroplasmida#Theileria
−
!width="400"|'''Answer'''
+
|q9=What is the main condition caused by ''Theileria parva'' and what is the intermediate host?
−
!width="150"|'''Article'''
+
|a9=
−
|-
+
*East Coast Fever 
−
|<big>'''True or False: Both trans-stadial and trans-ovarian transmission can occur in ''Babesia'' species'''
+
*Rhipicephalus appendiculatus
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
|l9=Piroplasmida#Theileria
−
*'''''True'''''
+
|q10=What is the pathogenesis of ''Theileria parva'' infections?
−
||[[Piroplasmida#Babesia|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
|a10=
−
|-
+
*Proliferation in the lymphoblasts 
−
|<big>'''What are the recognisable features of small ''Babesia'' species and give an example'''
+
*Proliferation in the local lymph node followed by spread throughout the body
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
*Lymphocyte depletion
−
*'''''Peripheral nucleus'''''
+
|l10=Piroplasmida#Theileria
−
*'''''Obtuse angle'''''
+
|q11=What are the clinical signs of ''Theileria parva'' infection?
−
*'''''B. divergens'''''
+
|a11=
−
||[[Piroplasmida#Babesia|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
*Pyrexia 
−
|-
+
*Enlarged local lymph node
−
|<big>'''What are the recognisable features of large ''Babesia'' species and give an example'''
+
*Loss of condition
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
|l11=Piroplasmida#Theileria
−
*'''''Central nucleus'''''
+
</FlashCard>
−
*'''''Acute angle'''''
+
===Tissue Cyst Forming Coccidia===
−
*'''''B. major'''''
+
<FlashCard questions="13">
−
||[[Piroplasmida#Babesia|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
|q1=What are the two main species of ''Neospora'' of veterinary interest and which animals do they affect?
−
|-
+
|a1=
−
|<big>'''What are the predisposing features to ''Babesia'' infection?'''
+
*N. caninum
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
**Dogs
−
*'''''Susceptible animals introduced into an infected area'''''
+
*N. hughesi
−
*'''''Infected ticks introduced into a clean area'''''
+
**Horses
−
*'''''Infected cattle introduced into an area with clean ticks'''''  
+
|l1=Tissue cyst-forming coccidia#Neospora
−
*'''''Temporary reduction in the tick population decreasing the transmission rate (causing enzootic instability)'''''
+
|q2=How long is the prepatent period of ''Neospora''?
−
*'''''Infected are transported or stressed in other ways, e.g. parturition'''''
+
|a2=5 days
−
||[[Piroplasmida#Babesia|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
|l2=Tissue cyst-forming coccidia#Neospora
−
|-
+
|q3=What are the clinical signs of ''Neospora'' infections in dogs?
−
|<big>'''What are the different vectors for ''Babesia'' species?'''
+
|a3=
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
*Ascending paralysis
−
*'''''Ixodes ricinus for B. divergens'''''
+
*Sudden collapse due to myocarditis
−
*'''''Haemaphysalis for B. major'''''
+
*Muscle wasting
−
*'''''Boophilus for B. bovis and B. bigemina'''''
+
|l3=Tissue cyst-forming coccidia#Neospora
−
*'''''Dermacentor and Rhipicephalus for B. canis'''''
+
|q4=What are the clinical signs of ''Neospora'' infections in cattle?
−
||[[Piroplasmida#Babesia|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
|a4=
−
|-
+
*Abortion
−
|<big>'''What species are the natural vectors for ''Cytauxzoon''?'''
+
*Encephalomyelitis
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
*Paresis
−
*'''''Ticks''''' 
+
|l4=Tissue cyst-forming coccidia#Neospora
−
||[[Piroplasmida#Cytauxzoon felis|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
|q5=What are the clinical signs of ''Neospora'' infections in horses?
−
|-
+
|a5=Myeloencephalitis
−
|<big>'''Where do schizonts of ''Cytauxzoon felis'' develop?'''
+
|l5=Tissue cyst-forming coccidia#Neospora
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
|q6=How many intermediate and final hosts does ''Sarcocystis'' have?
−
*'''''In macrophages''''' 
+
|a6=
−
||[[Piroplasmida#Cytauxzoon felis|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
*One final host
−
|-
+
*One intermediate host
−
|<big>'''What is the main condition caused by ''Theileria parva''?'''
+
|l6=Tissue cyst-forming coccidia#Sarcocystis
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
|q7=True or False: ''Sarcocystis'' infections are mainly asymptomatic
−
*'''''East Coast Fever''''' 
+
|a7=True
−
||[[Piroplasmida#Theileria|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
|l7=Tissue cyst-forming coccidia#Sarcocystis
−
|-
+
|q8=What is Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis?
−
|<big>'''What is the main condition caused by ''Theileria parva'' and what is the intermediate host?'''
+
|a8=
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
*Necrotising encephalomyelitis affecting the grey and white matter of the CNS
−
*'''''East Coast Fever''''' 
+
*Caused by S. neurona
−
*'''''Rhipicephalus appendiculatus'''''
+
*Causes spinal cord dysfunction leading to ataxia and paralysis
−
||[[Piroplasmida#Theileria|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
|l8=Tissue cyst-forming coccidia#Sarcocystis
−
|-
+
|q9=What is the most pathogenic species of ''Toxoplasma''?
−
|<big>'''What is the pathogenesis of ''Theileria parva'' infections?'''
+
|a9=T. gondii
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
|l9=Tissue cyst-forming coccidia#Toxoplasma
−
*'''''Proliferation in the lymphoblasts''''' 
+
|q10=True or False: The life cycle of ''Toxoplasma'' is direct
−
*'''''Proliferation in the local lymph node followed by spread throughout the body'''''
+
|a10=
−
*'''''Lymphocyte depletion'''''
+
*False
−
||[[Piroplasmida#Theileria|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
*The life cycle is complex
−
|-
+
*Described as facultatively heterozygous
−
|<big>'''What are the clinical signs of ''Theileria parva'' infection?'''
+
|l10=Tissue cyst-forming coccidia#Toxoplasma
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
|q11=Describe the acute phase of ''Toxoplasma'' infections
−
*'''''Pyrexia''''' 
+
|a11=
−
*'''''Enlarged local lymph node'''''
+
*Asexual reproduction in the cell by endodyogeny (budding) producing 8-16 tachyzoites
−
*'''''Loss of condition'''''
+
*Tachyzoites are released when host cell bursts
−
||[[Piroplasmida#Theileria|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
*Haematogenous spread as more cells are infected
−
|}
+
*Infection continues until the animal develops immunity (around 2 weeks) at which point the infection enters the chronic phase
−
 
+
|l11=Tissue cyst-forming coccidia#Toxoplasma
−
==<font color="purple">Tissue Cyst Forming Coccidia</font>==
+
|q12=Describe the chronic phase of ''Toxoplasma'' infections
−
{| border="3" cellpadding="8"
+
|a12=
−
!width="400"|'''Question'''
+
*Slow growing intracellular bradyzoites become walled off forming infective cysts
−
!width="400"|'''Answer'''
+
*Bradyzoites are protected from the host immune response (whereas extracellular tachyzoites are killed)
−
!width="150"|'''Article'''
+
*Cysts remain viable for months to years in muscle and nervous tissue
−
|-
+
*If immunity is suppressed the infection can revert to the acute form
−
|<big>'''What are the two main species of ''Neospora'' of veterinary interest and which animals do they affect?'''
+
|l12=Tissue cyst-forming coccidia#Toxoplasma
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
|q13=How can ''Toxoplasma'' infections be prevented?
−
*'''''N. caninum'''''
+
|a13=
−
**'''''Dogs'''''
+
*ELISA to check for seropositive cats
−
*'''''N. hughesi'''''
+
*Humans can avoid oocyst ingestion
−
**'''''Horses'''''
+
*Humans can avoid tissue cyst ingestion
−
||[[Tissue cyst-forming coccidia#Neospora|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
*Sheep can be vaccinated or given medicated feed
−
|-
+
|l13=Tissue cyst-forming coccidia#Toxoplasma
−
|<big>'''How long is the prepatent period of ''Neospora''?'''
+
</FlashCard>
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
===Tropical Protozoa===
−
*'''''5 days'''''
+
<FlashCard questions="8">
−
||[[Tissue cyst-forming coccidia#Neospora|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
|q1=What species transmits Leishmania?
−
|-
+
|a1=
−
|<big>'''What are the clinical signs of ''Neospora'' infections in dogs?'''
+
*Sandflies
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
*Phlebotomus spp. in the Old World
−
*'''''Ascending paralysis'''''
+
*Lutzomyia spp. in the New World
−
*'''''Sudden collapse due to myocarditis'''''
+
|l1=Tropical Protozoa#Leishmania
−
*'''''Muscle wasting'''''
+
|q2=Which cells are ''Leishmania'' species intracellular parasites of?
−
||[[Tissue cyst-forming coccidia#Neospora|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
|a2=Macrophages
−
|-
+
|l2=Tropical Protozoa#Leishmania
−
|<big>'''What are the clinical signs of ''Neospora'' infections in cattle?'''
+
|q3=What are the clinical signs of ''Leishmania'' infections?
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
|a3=
−
*'''''Abortion'''''
+
*Cutaneous form
−
*'''''Encephalomyelitis'''''
+
**Ulcers on the lips, eyelids and pinnae of ears
−
*'''''Paresis'''''
+
*Visceral form
−
||[[Tissue cyst-forming coccidia#Neospora|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
**Eczema
−
|-
+
**Fever
−
|<big>'''What are the clinical signs of ''Neospora'' infections in horses?'''
+
**Generalised lympadenopathy
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
|l3=Tropical Protozoa#Leishmania
−
*'''''Myeloencephalitis'''''
+
|q4=How can you treat and prevent ''Leishmania'' infections?
−
||[[Tissue cyst-forming coccidia#Neospora|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
|a4=
−
|-
+
*Chemotherapy
−
|<big>'''How many intermediate and final hosts does ''Sarcocystis'' have?'''
+
*Prevent sandflies biting dogs through collars containing insecticides
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
*Destruction of infected and stray dogs
−
*'''''One final host'''''
+
|l4=Tropical Protozoa#Leishmania
−
*'''''One intermediate host'''''
+
|q5=Which diseases so ''Trypanosome'' species cause in cattle and in humans?
−
||[[Tissue cyst-forming coccidia#Sarcocystis|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
|a5=
−
|-
+
*Nagana in cattle (wasting disease)
−
|<big>'''True or False: ''Sarcocystis'' infections are mainly asymptomatic'''
+
*Chagas disease in humans, armadillos and possums
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
*Sleeping sickness in humans
−
*'''''True'''''
+
|l5=Tropical Protozoa#Trypanosoma
−
||[[Tissue cyst-forming coccidia#Sarcocystis|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
|q6=Fill in the missing words about ''Leishmania'' infections?
−
|-
+
<p>Salivarian ''trypanosome'' species multiply in the ??? and ??? of ???. This is also known as ??? development. Stercorian ''trypanosome'' species multiply in the ??? of ??? bugs, keds and ???. This is also known as ??? development.</p>
−
|<big>'''What is Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis?'''
+
|a6=
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
*proboscis
−
*'''''Necrotising encephalomyelitis affecting the grey and white matter of the CNS'''''
+
*foregut
−
*'''''Caused by S. neurona'''''
+
*Tsetse flies
−
*'''''Causes spinal cord dysfunction leading to ataxia and paralysis'''''
+
*anterior station
−
||[[Tissue cyst-forming coccidia#Sarcocystis|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
*hindgut
−
|-
+
*Triatomid
−
|<big>'''What is the most pathogenic species of ''Toxoplasma''?'''
+
*tabanids
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
*posterior station
−
*'''''T. gondii'''''
+
|l6=Tropical Protozoa#Trypanosoma
−
||[[Tissue cyst-forming coccidia#Toxoplasma|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
|q7=What are the general clinical signs of ''Leishmania'' infections?
−
|-
+
|a7=
−
|<big>'''True or False: The life cycle of ''Toxoplasma'' is direct'''
+
*Anaemia
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
*Enlarged lymph nodes and spleen
−
*'''''False'''''
+
*Degeneration and inflammation of multiple organs
−
*'''''The life cycle is complex'''''
+
*Loss of body condition
−
*'''''Described as facultatively heterozygous'''''
+
*Oedema of the limbs and genitalia in horses
−
||[[Tissue cyst-forming coccidia#Toxoplasma|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
*Myocarditis and corneal opacity in dogs and cats
−
|-
+
|l7=Tropical Protozoa#Trypanosoma
−
|<big>'''Describe the acute phase of ''Toxoplasma'' infections'''
+
|q8=How are ''Leishmania'' infections diagnosed?
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
|a8=
−
*'''''Asexual reproduction in the cell by endodyogeny (budding) producing 8-16 tachyzoites
+
*Giemsa stained smears
−
*'''''Tachyzoites are released when host cell bursts'''''
+
*Fresh blood films looking for motile trypanosomes
−
*'''''Haematogenous spread as more cells are infected'''''
+
*Haematocrit tubes looking for motile trypanosomes at the buffy coat/plasma interface
−
*'''''Infection continues until the animal develops immunity (around 2 weeks) at which point the infection enters the chronic phase'''''
+
|l8=Tropical Protozoa#Trypanosoma
−
||[[Tissue cyst-forming coccidia#Toxoplasma|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
</FlashCard>
−
|-
+
===Other Important Protozoa===
−
|<big>'''Describe the chronic phase of ''Toxoplasma'' infections'''
+
<FlashCard questions="9">
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
|q1=What is ''Balantidium'' and where is it found?
−
*'''''Slow growing intracellular bradyzoites become walled off forming infective cysts'''''
+
|a1=
−
*'''''Bradyzoites are protected from the host immune response (whereas extracellular tachyzoites are killed)'''''
+
*Ciliate protozoan
−
*'''''Cysts remain viable for months to years in muscle and nervous tissue'''''
+
*Commensal organism
−
*'''''If immunity is suppressed the infection can revert to the acute form'''''
+
*Found in the lumen of the large intestine of pigs and humans
−
||[[Tissue cyst-forming coccidia#Toxoplasma|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
|l1=Other Important Protozoa#Balantidium
−
|-
+
|q2=How would you diagnose ''Cyclospora'' infections?
−
|<big>'''How can ''Toxoplasma'' infections be prevented?'''
+
|a2=
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
*Faecal smear for oocysts
−
*'''''ELISA to check for seropositive cats'''''
+
*Zeihl-Neelson stain positive
−
*'''''Humans can avoid oocyst ingestion'''''
+
*Oocysts autoflouresce
−
*'''''Humans can avoid tissue cyst ingestion'''''
+
|l2=Other Important Protozoa#Cyclospora
−
*'''''Sheep can be vaccinated or given medicated feed'''''
+
|q3=How can ''Entamoeba'' cause abcesses in the liver?
−
||[[Tissue cyst-forming coccidia#Toxoplasma|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
|a3=
−
|}
+
*Erosion of the large intestine may allow the parasite to enter the bloodstream
−
 
+
*Once in the bloodstream the parasite can reach the liver and cause ascesses
−
==<font color="purple">Tropical Protozoa</font>==
+
|l3=Other Important Protozoa#Entamoeba
−
{| border="3" cellpadding="8"
+
|q4=What disease does ''Histomonas meleagridis'' cause and in which species?
−
!width="400"|'''Question'''
+
|a4=
−
!width="400"|'''Answer'''
+
*Causes Blackhead
−
!width="150"|'''Article'''
+
*Affects turkeys
−
|-
+
*Chickens are asymptomatic carriers
−
|<big>'''What species transmits Leishmania?'''
+
|l4=Other Important Protozoa#Histomonas meleagridis
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
|q5=In which caecal nematode worm is ''H. meleagridis'' carried?
−
*'''''Sandflies'''''
+
|a5=Heterakis gallinarum
−
*'''''Phlebotomus spp. in the Old World'''''
+
|l5=Other Important Protozoa#Histomonas meleagridis
−
*'''''Lutzomyia spp. in the New World'''''
+
|q6=What are the clinical signs of ''H. meleagridis'' infections?
−
||[[Tropical Protozoa#Leishmania|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
|a6=
−
|-
+
*Ante-mortem
−
|<big>'''Which cells are ''Leishmania'' species intracellular parasites of?'''
+
**Cyanotic head and wattles
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
**Yellow droppings
−
*'''''Macrophages'''''
+
*Post Mortem
−
||[[Tropical Protozoa#Leishmania|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
**Necrotic mucosa in caecum
−
|-
+
**1cm diameter circular lesions in the liver
−
|<big>'''What are the clinical signs of ''Leishmania'' infections?'''
+
|l6=Other Important Protozoa#Histomonas meleagridis
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
|q7=What are the clinical signs of ''Microsporidia'' infections?
−
*'''''Cutaneous form'''''
+
|a7=
−
**'''''Ulcers on the lips, eyelids and pinnae of ears'''''
+
*Head-tilt
−
*'''''Visceral form'''''
+
*Incontinence
−
**'''''Eczema'''''
+
*Uveitis
−
**'''''Fever'''''
+
*Cataracts
−
**'''''Generalised lympadenopathy'''''
+
*But mostly asymptomatic
−
||[[Tropical Protozoa#Leishmania|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
|l7=Other Important Protozoa#Microsporidia
−
|-
+
|q8=How is ''Tritrichomonas foetus'' transmitted?
−
|<big>'''How can you treat and prevent ''Leishmania'' infections?'''
+
|a8=Venerally
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
|l8=Other Important Protozoa#Tritrichomonas foetus
−
*'''''Chemotherapy'''''
+
|q9=Where is ''Tritrichomonas foetus'' found in cattle?
−
*'''''Prevent sandflies biting dogs through collars containing insecticides'''''
+
|a9=
−
*'''''Destruction of infected and stray dogs'''''
+
*Uterus of cows
−
||[[Tropical Protozoa#Leishmania|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
*Preputial cavity of bulls
−
|-
+
|l9=Other Important Protozoa#Tritrichomonas foetus
−
|<big>'''Which diseases so ''Trypanosome'' species cause in cattle and in humans?'''
+
</FlashCard>
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
 
−
*'''''Nagana in cattle (wasting disease)'''''
 
−
*'''''Chagas disease in humans, armadillos and possums'''''
 
−
*'''''Sleeping sickness in humans'''''
 
−
||[[Tropical Protozoa#Trypanosoma|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 
−
|-
 
−
|<big>'''Fill in the missing words about ''Leishmania'' infections?'''
 
−
||<big>Salivarian ''trypanosome'' species multiply in the <font color="white">'''''proboscis'''''</font> and <font color="white">'''''foregut'''''</font> of <font color="white">'''''Tsetse flies'''''</font>. This is also known as <font color="white">'''''anterior station development'''''</font>. Stercorian ''trypanosome'' species multiply in the <font color="white">'''''hindgut'''''</font> of <font color="white">'''''Triatomid bugs, keds'''''</font> and <font color="white">'''''tabanids'''''</font>. This is also known as <font color="white">'''''posterior station development'''''</font>.
 
−
||[[Tropical Protozoa#Trypanosoma|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 
−
|-
 
−
|<big>'''What are the general clinical signs of ''Leishmania'' infections?'''
 
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
 
−
*'''''Anaemia'''''
 
−
*'''''Enlarged lymph nodes and spleen'''''
 
−
*'''''Degeneration and inflammation of multiple organs'''''
 
−
*'''''Loss of body condition'''''
 
−
*'''''Oedema of the limbs and genitalia in horses'''''
 
−
*'''''Myocarditis and corneal opacity in dogs and cats'''''
 
−
||[[Tropical Protozoa#Trypanosoma|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 
−
|-
 
−
|<big>'''How are ''Leishmania'' infections diagnosed?'''
 
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
 
−
*'''''Giemsa stained smears'''''
 
−
*'''''Fresh blood films looking for motile trypanosomes'''''
 
−
*'''''Haematocrit tubes looking for motile trypanosomes at the buffy coat/plasma interface'''''
 
−
||[[Tropical Protozoa#Trypanosoma|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 
−
|}
 
−
 
 
−
==<font color="purple">Other Important Protozoa</font>==
 
−
{| border="3" cellpadding="8"
 
−
!width="400"|'''Question'''
 
−
!width="400"|'''Answer'''
 
−
!width="150"|'''Article'''
 
−
|-
 
−
|<big>'''What is ''Balantidium'' and where is it found?'''
 
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
 
−
*'''''Ciliate protozoan'''''
 
−
*'''''Commensal organism'''''
 
−
*'''''Found in the lumen of the large intestine of pigs and humans'''''
 
−
||[[Other Important Protozoa#Balantidium|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 
−
|-
 
−
|<big>'''How would you diagnose ''Cyclospora'' infections?'''
 
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
 
−
*'''''Faecal smear for oocysts'''''
 
−
*'''''Zeihl-Neelson stain positive'''''
 
−
*'''''Oocysts autoflouresce'''''
 
−
||[[Other Important Protozoa#Cyclospora|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 
−
|-
 
−
|<big>'''How can ''Entamoeba'' cause abcesses in the liver?'''
 
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
 
−
*'''''Erosion of the large intestine may allow the parasite to enter the bloodstream'''''
 
−
*'''''Once in the bloodstream the parasite can reach the liver and cause ascesses'''''
 
−
||[[Other Important Protozoa#Entamoeba|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 
−
|-
 
−
|<big>'''What disease does ''Histomonas meleagridis'' cause and in which species?'''
 
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
 
−
*'''''Causes Blackhead'''''
 
−
*'''''Affects turkeys'''''
 
−
*'''''Chickens are asymptomatic carriers'''''
 
−
||[[Other Important Protozoa#Histomonas meleagridis|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 
−
|-
 
−
|<big>'''In which caecal nematode worm is ''H. meleagridis'' carried?'''
 
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
 
−
*'''''Heterakis gallinarum'''''
 
−
||[[Other Important Protozoa#Histomonas meleagridis|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 
−
|-
 
−
|<big>'''What are the clinical signs of ''H. meleagridis'' infections?'''
 
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
 
−
*'''''Ante-mortem'''''
 
−
**'''''Cyanotic head and wattles'''''
 
−
**'''''Yellow droppings'''''
 
−
*'''''Post Mortem'''''
 
−
**'''''Necrotic mucosa in caecum'''''
 
−
**'''''1cm diameter circular lesions in the liver'''''
 
−
||[[Other Important Protozoa#Histomonas meleagridis|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 
−
|-
 
−
|<big>'''What are the clinical signs of ''Microsporidia'' infections?'''
 
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
 
−
*'''''Head-tilt'''''
 
−
*'''''Incontinence'''''
 
−
*'''''Uveitis'''''
 
−
*'''''Cataracts'''''
 
−
*'''''But mostly asymptomatic'''''
 
−
||[[Other Important Protozoa#Microsporidia|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 
−
|-
 
−
|<big>'''How is ''Tritrichomonas foetus'' transmitted?'''
 
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
 
−
*'''''Venerally'''''
 
−
||[[Other Important Protozoa#Tritrichomonas foetus|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 
−
|-
 
−
|<big>'''Where is ''Tritrichomonas foetus'' found in cattle?'''
 
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
 
−
*'''''Uterus of cows'''''
 
−
*'''''Preputial cavity of bulls'''''
 
−
||[[Other Important Protozoa#Tritrichomonas foetus|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 
−
|}
 

Revision as of 01:21, 20 February 2010

Infectious agents and parasitesWikiBugs Banner.png
PROTOZOA
WIKIBUGS FLASHCARDS


Toxoplasma gondii - Ke Hu and John Murray

Protozoa

Question Answer Article
What are the four different ways protozoa can move? Link to Article
How do protozoa reproduce? Link to Article
Briefly summarise the life cycle of protozoa Link to Article


Coccidia

Question Answer Article
What is the transmission and life cycle of Eimeria species? Link to Article
What is the transmission and life cycle of Isospora species? Link to Article
How long is the prepatent period of poultry Eimeria species? Link to Article
Name the malabsorptive Eimeria species Link to Article
Name the haemorrhagic Eimeria species Link to Article
Which area of the gastrointestinal tract does E. acervulina, E. maxima, E. tenella and E. necatrix affect and what kind of lesions are produced? Link to Article
What are the two main Eimeria species which affect cattle and what is the prepatent period? Link to Article
What are the two significant Eimeria species which affect sheep and what is the prepatent period? Link to Article
What is the most significant species of Isospora which affects pigs and what the prepatent period? Link to Article
Which parts of the gastrointestinal tract do the Eimeria species which affects rabbits inhabit? Link to Article


Cryptosporidia

Question Answer Article
What is the main species of Cryptosporidium which infects humans and domestic animals? Link to Article
True or False: In Cryptosporidium infections unsporulated oocysts are passed in the faeces Link to Article
How are Cryptosporidium infections passed between hosts? Link to Article
How are Cryptosporidium infections prevented? Link to Article


Giardia

Question Answer Article
What is the key points of the life cycle and prepatent period of Giardia? Link to Article
How do both people and animals become infected by Giardia? Link to Article
How would you diagnose a Giardia infection? Link to Article


Piroplasmida

Question Answer Article
True or False: Both trans-stadial and trans-ovarian transmission can occur in Babesia species Link to Article
What are the recognisable features of small Babesia species and give an example Link to Article
What are the recognisable features of large Babesia species and give an example Link to Article
What are the predisposing features to Babesia infection? Link to Article
What are the different vectors for Babesia species? Link to Article
What species are the natural vectors for Cytauxzoon? Link to Article
Where do schizonts of Cytauxzoon felis develop? Link to Article
What is the main condition caused by Theileria parva? Link to Article
What is the main condition caused by Theileria parva and what is the intermediate host? Link to Article
What is the pathogenesis of Theileria parva infections? Link to Article
What are the clinical signs of Theileria parva infection? Link to Article


Tissue Cyst Forming Coccidia

Question Answer Article
What are the two main species of Neospora of veterinary interest and which animals do they affect? Link to Article
How long is the prepatent period of Neospora? Link to Article
What are the clinical signs of Neospora infections in dogs? Link to Article
What are the clinical signs of Neospora infections in cattle? Link to Article
What are the clinical signs of Neospora infections in horses? Link to Article
How many intermediate and final hosts does Sarcocystis have? Link to Article
True or False: Sarcocystis infections are mainly asymptomatic Link to Article
What is Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis? Link to Article
What is the most pathogenic species of Toxoplasma? Link to Article
True or False: The life cycle of Toxoplasma is direct Link to Article
Describe the acute phase of Toxoplasma infections Link to Article
Describe the chronic phase of Toxoplasma infections Link to Article
How can Toxoplasma infections be prevented? Link to Article


Tropical Protozoa

Question Answer Article
What species transmits Leishmania? Link to Article
Which cells are Leishmania species intracellular parasites of? Link to Article
What are the clinical signs of Leishmania infections? Link to Article
How can you treat and prevent Leishmania infections? Link to Article
Which diseases so Trypanosome species cause in cattle and in humans? Link to Article
Fill in the missing words about Leishmania infections?

Salivarian trypanosome species multiply in the ??? and ??? of ???. This is also known as ??? development. Stercorian trypanosome species multiply in the ??? of ??? bugs, keds and ???. This is also known as ??? development.

 Link to Article
What are the general clinical signs of Leishmania infections? Link to Article
How are Leishmania infections diagnosed? Link to Article


Other Important Protozoa

Question Answer Article
What is Balantidium and where is it found? Link to Article
How would you diagnose Cyclospora infections? Link to Article
How can Entamoeba cause abcesses in the liver? Link to Article
What disease does Histomonas meleagridis cause and in which species? Link to Article
In which caecal nematode worm is H. meleagridis carried? Link to Article
What are the clinical signs of H. meleagridis infections? Link to Article
What are the clinical signs of Microsporidia infections? Link to Article
How is Tritrichomonas foetus transmitted? Link to Article
Where is Tritrichomonas foetus found in cattle? Link to Article


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