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| | Donkeys requiring hospitalisation can be managed in a similar way to small ponies, although differences in temperament, behaviour and conformation must be taken into consideration. | | Donkeys requiring hospitalisation can be managed in a similar way to small ponies, although differences in temperament, behaviour and conformation must be taken into consideration. |
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| − | Donkeys form strong bonds with companions and should be kept together. Stress should be kept to a minimum, as [[Donkey - Hyperlipaemia|hyperlipaemia]] is a common complication of any management change or illness. Nurses and grooms should be sensitive to subtle behavioural changes, which are often early indicators of illness. Donkeys are stoical by nature and often do not exhibit | + | Donkeys form strong bonds with companions and should be kept together. Stress should be kept to a minimum, as [[Hyperlipaemia - Donkey|hyperlipaemia]] is a common complication of any management change or illness. Nurses and grooms should be sensitive to subtle behavioural changes, which are often early indicators of illness. Donkeys are stoical by nature and often do not exhibit |
| | dramatic symptoms. Any donkey described as dull, head held low, generally disinterested and with reduced appetite, should be investigated. | | dramatic symptoms. Any donkey described as dull, head held low, generally disinterested and with reduced appetite, should be investigated. |
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| | '''Intravenous fluids''' are given through a 14 g catheter. Donkeys have short necks and 80 mm is usually the maximum length they will accommodate. | | '''Intravenous fluids''' are given through a 14 g catheter. Donkeys have short necks and 80 mm is usually the maximum length they will accommodate. |
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| | ==[[Anaesthesia and Sedation - Donkey#Nursing Care|'''General anaesthesia nursing care''']]== | | ==[[Anaesthesia and Sedation - Donkey#Nursing Care|'''General anaesthesia nursing care''']]== |
| − | [[Image:Pre-surgery muzzle donkey.jpg|left|thumb|200px|<small><center>Pre-surgery muzzle (Image courtesy of [http://drupal.thedonkeysanctuary.org.uk The Donkey Sanctuary])</center></small>]]
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| − | The donkey should be '''starved''' by being fitted with a muzzle '''for four hours''' prior to surgery, or for a '''longer period for abdominal surgery'''. Starvation may not be possible in an emergency.
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| − | '''Clip over both jugular veins''' and, if possible, the surgical site, and groom and pick out feet. Separate from friends when the patient is moved to the induction area.
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| − | '''Feed the companion''', if there is one, and ensure it settles.
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| − | A 14 g '''catheter''' is placed in the jugular vein and glued or sutured in position; the intravenous anaesthetic is administered through this. Standard aseptic technique is recommended. Flush the catheter and keep it patent for emergency use and administration of intravenous fluids.
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| − | If '''gaseous anaesthesia''' is being used, extension of the head facilitates insertion of an endo-tracheal tube. A 16 mm tube is suitable for most donkeys, with a 14 mm tube on stand-by. Small donkeys and foals may only accommodate a 14 mm or 12 mm tube.
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| − | The '''depth of anaesthesia''' should be constantly monitored and the '''pulse and respiration''' rates recorded. '''Palpebral and
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| − | corneal reflexes''' are assessed and the eye will rotate medially. Anal reflex is not always reliable.
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| − | In '''lateral recumbancy''', pull the '''lower forelimb forwards''' and '''support the uppermost front and hind limbs''' to help
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| − | avoid myopathy.
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| − | To reduce contamination, '''cover feet and limbs with rectal gloves''' before preparing the surgical site.
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| − | '''On recovery''', the gag and '''endo-tracheal tube are left in position until the swallow reflex returns'''. Donkeys generally recover quietly and do not require further sedation. When the donkey is standing and stable, it can be returned to its friend and given food.
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| − | Post-operative complications can include [[Donkey - Hyperlipaemia|hyperlipaemia]], [[Donkey - Colic|colic]] and [[Laminitis - Donkey|laminitis]].
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| − | ==References==
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| − | * Dabinett, S. (2008) Nursing care In Svendsen, E.D., Duncan, J. and Hadrill, D. (2008) ''The Professional Handbook of the Donkey'', 4th edition, Whittet Books, Chapter 18
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| | ==[[Castration - Donkey#Nursing Care|'''Castration''']]== | | ==[[Castration - Donkey#Nursing Care|'''Castration''']]== |
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| − | Donkey stallions need firm, confident handling. They can be very strong and may require a bit in the mouth when being led. Be aware that they may bite!
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| − | The stable door should be high enough so that they cannot see over or attempt to jump it. Some stallions can become very excited by the sight of other equines.
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| − | [[Castration - Donkey|Castration]] is generally performed under general anaesthetic.
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| − | Post-operatively the '''bed should be kept as clean as possible''' to help avoid infection. The donkey should receive '''daily exercise''' to help prevent and reduce swelling. If he leads well and is not too strong he can be exercised in hand.
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| − | If he is turned out, ensure the field is well fenced and there are no other equines in sight. Vigorous exercise the day after surgery should be avoided as it may promote haemorrhage.
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| − | ==References==
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| − | * Dabinett, S. (2008) Nursing care In Svendsen, E.D., Duncan, J. and Hadrill, D. (2008) ''The Professional Handbook of the Donkey'', 4th edition, Whittet Books, Chapter 18
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| | ==[[Hyperlipaemia - Donkey#Nursing Care|'''Hyperlipaemia''']]== | | ==[[Hyperlipaemia - Donkey#Nursing Care|'''Hyperlipaemia''']]== |
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| − | [[Hyperlipaemia - Donkey|Hyperlipaemia]] is a common complication of any stress, management change or illness. Early detection and treatment are essential as, in the latter stages, mortality rates are high. Obese animals are at higher risk, but any donkey can be affected. | + | ==[[Colic - Donkey#Nursing Care|'''Colic''']]== |
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| − | The early signs are subtle behavioural changes, appearing slightly dull and with a reduced appetite. A '''blood sample''' should be taken immediately. Milky serum is an indicator of the condition, which will be confirmed by raised triglyceride levels on laboratory analysis.
| + | ==[[Laminitis - Donkey#Nursing Care|'''Laminitis''']]== |
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| − | The treatment consists of supportive therapy, drenching or stomachtubing, as well as the administration of intravenous fluids, depending on the severity of the attack. [[Antibiotics]], [[NSAIDs]] and drugs to prevent gastric ulcers are usually given.
| + | ==[[Euthanasia - Donkey|'''Euthanasia''']]== |
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| − | Keep the donkey eating, hand-feed it and consult the owners with regard to its favourite treats. Turn the donkey out for gentle exercise at grass, or walk in hand, allowing it to browse in the hedgerow. Groom and spend time with the donkey. Early detection and good nursing are important for a successful outcome.
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| − | ==References==
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| − | * Dabinett, S. (2008) Nursing care In Svendsen, E.D., Duncan, J. and Hadrill, D. (2008) ''The Professional Handbook of the Donkey'', 4th edition, Whittet Books, Chapter 18
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| − | ==[[Colic - Donkey#Nursing Care|Colic]]== | |
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| − | Donkeys do not usually display the classic signs of colic seen in horses. Early signs are a reduced appetite and a dull appearance. Diagnosis is confirmed by rectal examination, listening to gut sounds and an elevated pulse.
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| − | Provide the donkey with a deep bed, as it may go down and start rolling if its condition deteriorates. Companions should be separated, but kept in sight. The patient can then be left on intravenous fluids, with '''faecal output and food intake monitored'''. It may be necessary to withhold food.
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| − | Colonic impaction is a common cause of colic in donkeys associated with [[Donkey - Dental Problems|dental problems]], diet changes and [[Donkey - Hyperlipaemia|hyperlipaemia]].
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| − | ==References==
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| − | * Dabinett, S. (2008) Nursing care In Svendsen, E.D., Duncan, J. and Hadrill, D. (2008) ''The Professional Handbook of the Donkey'', 4th edition, Whittet Books, Chapter 18
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| − | ==[[Laminitis - Donkey#Nursing Care|Laminitis]]==
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| − | [[Image:Apply cotton wool pad donkey.jpg|left|thumb|150px|<small><center>Apply cotton wool pad (Image courtesy of [http://drupal.thedonkeysanctuary.org.uk The Donkey Sanctuary])</center></small>]]
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| − | [[Image:Secure with bandage donkey.jpg|right|thumb|150px|<small><center>Secure with bandage (Image courtesy of [http://drupal.thedonkeysanctuary.org.uk The Donkey Sanctuary])</center></small>]]
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| − | [[Image:Cotton wool pad donkey.jpg|left|thumb|150px|<small><center>Cotton wool pad in place(Image courtesy of [http://drupal.thedonkeysanctuary.org.uk The Donkey Sanctuary])</center></small>]]
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| − | [[Image:Adhesive patches donkey.jpg|right|thumb|150px|<small><center>Finally add adhesive, waterproof patches (Image courtesy of [http://drupal.thedonkeysanctuary.org.uk The Donkey Sanctuary])</center></small>]]
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| − | Donkeys, like ponies, are susceptible to [[Laminitis - Donkey|laminitis]]. All four feet can be affected, but it is more common in the front feet. Obesity and a high carbohydrate diet are the most common risk factors, obese animals being at the highest risk. Other causes include trauma to the foot, weight-bearing if the other limb is injured, long or badly trimmed feet, [[Donkey - Hyperlipaemia|hyperlipaemia]], toxaemia and [[Donkey - Colic|colic]].
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| − | [[Laminitis - Donkey|Laminitis]] is a painful condition. Clinical signs include strong digital pulses, lameness, weight shifting, a laminitic stance, reluctance to move, lying down and reluctance to stand, elevated pulse and sweating. Donkeys will also hold alternate forelimbs high above the ground, a stance not exhibited by horses.
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| − | Due to a donkey’s stoical nature, mild cases of [[Laminitis - Donkey|laminitis]] can go unnoticed, particularly if the animal receives no exercise. It is important to '''check the digital pulses of hospitalised donkeys''' so that early treatment can be instigated.
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| − | Provide box-rest on a deep, inedible bed of paper or shavings so that the diet can be controlled. Ensure that water and food are within easy reach as it can be too painful for some animals to make the effort to move.
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| − | '''Foot pads''' provide some relief to the donkey. Pick out the feet and pad with a thick layer of cotton wool, bandage in place with a cohesive bandage. Adhesive patches designed for big bale silage (''e.g.'' JAF-Patch, available from agricultural suppliers) can be applied to the bandage to make the dressings more waterproof. '''Sugardine paste''', which is made from granulated sugar mixed with povidone-iodine antiseptic solution, can be applied to the sole beneath the cotton wool. This helps keep the foot clean, hardens soft soles and helps control infection.
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| − | Change foot dressings daily and check the '''sole for bruising and infection'''. If the donkey spends long periods lying down, check for '''pressure sores''', particularly on elbows and stifles.
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| − | ==References==
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| − | * Dabinett, S. (2008) Nursing care In Svendsen, E.D., Duncan, J. and Hadrill, D. (2008) ''The Professional Handbook of the Donkey'', 4th edition, Whittet Books, Chapter 18
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| − | ==[[Donkey - Euthanasia|Euthanasia]]==
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| | ==References== | | ==References== |
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| | |linkpage =Clinical Section - Donkey | | |linkpage =Clinical Section - Donkey |
| | |linktext =Clinical Section - Donkey | | |linktext =Clinical Section - Donkey |
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| | |pagetype=Donkey | | |pagetype=Donkey |
| | }} | | }} |
| | + | {{infotable |
| | + | |Maintitle = [[Sponsors#The Donkey Sanctuary|This section was sponsored and content provided by '''THE DONKEY SANCTUARY''']] |
| | + | |Maintitlebackcolour = B4CDCD |
| | + | }} |
| | + | [[Category:Donkey]] |
| | + | [[Category:Clinical_Section_-_Donkey]][[Category:Nursing_Care_-_Donkey]] |