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| − | {{unfinished}}
| + | #REDIRECT[[:Category:Subcutaneous Mycoses]] |
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| − | <br>
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| − | ==Chromoblastomycosis==
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| − | *Occurs in horses, dogs, cats and himans
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| − | *Caused by [[Dermatophytosis|dematiaceous fungi]]:
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| − | **''Exophilia jeanselmeri, Phialophora, Cladosporium carrionii, Fonsecaea pedrosoi''
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| − | | |
| − | *Enters tissue through wounds or sites of tissue trauma
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| − | **Limited to subcutaneous and cutaneous tissues
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| − | | |
| − | *Causes hyperplasia and formation of verrucoid, warty nodules
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| − | **Warts are irregular, vegetative and pedunculated
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| − | *Spread is via the [[Lymphatic System - Anatomy & Physiology|lymphatic system]]
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| − | **Dissemination to other tissues and organs can occur
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| − | *Chronic condition which will progress if not treated
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| − | *Treatment includes [[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Ketoconazole]], [[Antifungal Drugs#Flucytosine|5-fluorocytosine]] and [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|amphotericin B]]
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| − | ==Chromomycosis==
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| − | *Also called Phaeohyphomycosis
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| − | *Opportunistic
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| − | *Infects horses, dogs and humans
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| − | **Found in wounds and abrasions
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| − | *Caused by [[Dermatophytosis|dematiaceous fungi]]
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| − | **''Dactylaria gallopava, Exophiala pisciphila, E. salmonis, Scolecobasidium humicola, S. tshawytschae, Drechslera, Exophilia jeanselmeri, E. verrucosa, Fonsecaea pelrosoi''
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| − | *Nodular and ulcerating lesions of the skin on the feet, legs and occasionally eyes (in turkeys)
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| − | **Regional granulomatous lymphadenitis
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| − | *Single cells or clusters, spherical and thick-walled
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| − | *Brown pigmented fungal elements
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| − | *Multiply by cross-wall formation or splitting (not budding)
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| − | *Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose agar ar room temperature
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| − | **Slow growth
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| − | **Takes one month
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| − | *For further information, see [[Dermatophytosis|dematiaceous fungi]]
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| − | ==Epizootic Lymphangitis==
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| − | *''Histoplasma capsulatum'' var. ''farciminosum''
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| − | **Similar to ''H. capsulatum''
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| − | *Occurs in horses, donkeys and mules
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| − | *90% occurs in horses
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| − | *Occurs in Europe, Africa and Asia
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| − | **Eradicated from the UK but is still under the notifiable Diseases of Animals Act
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| − | *Chronic disease
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| − | *Highly contageous
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| − | **Spread by direct contact or indirect, e.g. through infected grooming equipment, [[Biting Flies|biting flies]]
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| − | *Once established in a population it is very difficult to eradicate
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| − | **Long incubation peroid
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| − | **New cases can develop weeks or months after the infection appears to have been eradicated
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| − | *Affects the [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]], [[Lymphatic Vessels - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph vessels]] and [[Skin - Anatomy & Physiology|skin]]
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| − | **Mostly of the [[Musculoskeletal System - Anatomy & Physiology#The Head and Neck|neck]] and [[Musculoskeletal System - Anatomy & Physiology#Limbs of the Domestic Species|limbs]]
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| − | *Causes ulcerative, nodular lesions
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| − | **Dissemination occurs
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| − | **Pulmonary disease can occur
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| − | **Ulcers rupture, discharging blood-stained pus for several weeks
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| − | *Oval or pear shaped cells
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| − | **Double contoured
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| − | **Dimorphic
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| − | ***Grows in the yeast phase at 37°C and in the mycelial phase at room temperature
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| − | **Growth is slow, taking up to 8 weeks
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| − | **At room temperature, thick-walled chlamydospores can be seen
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| − | **Orgnaisms can usually be seen in swollen [[Leukocytes - WikiBlood|leucocytes]]
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| − | | |
| − | *Can be stained using Gram, Giemsa, H & E and 10% Methylene Blue followed by Carbol Fuchsin
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| − | | |
| − | *Enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay can be used to detect the fungi
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| − | *Life-long immunity follows recovery from infection
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| − | *Treatment included potassium iodide, [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|hamycin]] and [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]]
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| − | **Vaccination has also proven to be effective
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| − | **Injection of hyperimmune serum around skin lesions has been proven to be effective
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| − | ==Eumycotic Mycetoma==
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| − | *''Pseudoallescheria boydii, Curvularia geniculata, Cochliobolus spicifer, Helminthosporium'' spp.
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| − | | |
| − | *Lives in soil
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| − | *Enters the body via wounds
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| − | *Granulomatous abscesses
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| − | *Microcolonies can be seen grossly in exudate or lesions
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| − | **Grains or granules
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| − | **Brown or black embedded in granulation tissue
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| − | **Small, irregularly shaped
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| − | *Infrequent infections of dogs, cats, cattle and horses
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| − | *Usually affect the extremities
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| − | **Can infect the [[Nasal cavity - Anatomy & Physiology|nasal mucosa]]
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| − | ***E.g. Bovine nasal granuloma
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| − | **Can also infect the peritoneum and [[Skin - Anatomy & Physiology|skin]]
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| − | *Microscopically:
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| − | **Grains of maduromycosis with wide mycelia (compared to actinomycotic granules)
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| − | **Chlamydospores present
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| − | *Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose agar
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| − | **Slow
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| − | **Takes 2-3 weeks
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| − | *Treatment includes [[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Ketoconazole]], [[Antifungal Drugs#Flucytosine|5-fluorocytosine]] and [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|amphotericin B]]
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| − | ==Hyphomycosis==
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| − | *''Hyphomyces destruens''
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| − | *Opportunistic infection
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| − | **Associated with trauma
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| − | *Rare
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| − | *Caused by ''Penicillium, Beauveria, Acremonium, Fusarium, Paecilomyces''
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| − | *Infects both animals and humans
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| − | **Mainly affects horses
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| − | *Tropical and semi-tropical countries
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| − | *Progressive disease causing granulating and ulcerating lesions on the legs and lower body
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| − | **Lesions grow rapidly
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| − | **Cause extreme debility
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| − | *Occurs in water
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| − | **Most often seen in ponies with access to ponds
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| − | *Chemotactically attracted to horse hair
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| − | *Does not respond well to treatment
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| − | **Radical surgical excision the best method
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| − | **Experiemental vaccination treatment is currently underway and has shown promising results
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| − | ==Pythiosis==
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| − | *Causes Mycotic Swamp Fever
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| − | *Also called phycomycosis
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| − | *Occurs in the USA, Australia, New Guinea, India, Brazil, Colombia, Japan, Costa Rica and Indonesia
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| − | *''Pythium insidiosum''
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| − | *Enters via wounds
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| − | **[[Lips - Anatomy & Physiology|Lips]], [[Musculoskeletal System - Anatomy & Physiology#The Head and Neck|head]], [[Musculoskeletal System - Anatomy & Physiology#The Head and Neck|neck]], fetlock, hock and [[Hoof - Anatomy & Physiology|hoof]]
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| − | *Granulomatous infection
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| − | **Necrosis and fistulous tracts
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| − | **Yellow lesions
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| − | *Branching, separated fungi
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| − | *Progressive (rather than systemic) disease
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| − | *Surgery is needed
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| − | ==Rhinosporidiosis==
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| − | *''Rhinosporidium seeberi''
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| − | *Lives in water
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| − | *Causes a chronic, benign disease
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| − | *Affects cattle, mules, horses, dogs and humans
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| − | *Causes polyps on the [[Nasal cavity - Anatomy & Physiology|nasal]] and [[Eye - Anatomy & Physiology|ocular]] mucous membranes
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| − | **Over 90% of cases affecting the [[Nasal cavity - Anatomy & Physiology|nasal]] mucous membranes affects male animals
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| − | *Occurs most frequently in tropical countries
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| − | **Also common in the USA
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| − | *Large sporangia can be seen on wet mounts
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| − | **Endospores visible
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| − | **Sporangia develop into small, globose spores
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| − | *Treatment is by surgical excision
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| − | ==Sporotrichosis==
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| − | [[Image:Sporotrichosis horse.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Sporotrichosis in a horse -Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]] | |
| − | [[Image:Sporotrichosis cigar cells.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Sporotrichosis cigar shaped cells -Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]
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| − | *''Sporothrix schenckii''
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| − | *Occurs in soil, wood and vegetation
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| − | **Saprophyte of both decaying and healthy vegetation
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| − | *Worldwide
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| − | *Exogenous infections through wounds
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| − | *Sporadic infections
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| − | *Non-contageous
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| − | *Causes subcutaneous nodules or granulomas
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| − | **Nodules ulcerate discharging pus
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| − | *Spread via the [[Lymphatic System - Anatomy & Physiology|lymphatics]]
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| − | *The [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology|bones]] and viscera can be involved which terminates in mortality
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| − | **This is rare
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| − | **Reported in dogs and horses
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| − | *Affects dogs, horses, cats, monkeys, mules, camels, donkeys, cattle, fowl and rodents
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| − | **Most commonly seen in horses as an ascending lymphocutaneous infection of the legs
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| − | **Can be confused with [[Subcutaneous Mycoses#Epizootic Lymphangitis|epizootic lymphangitis]] in horses
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| − | *Single cell, cigar shaped
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| − | **Usually found within [[Neutrophils - WikiBlood|neutrophils]]
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| − | **Yeast cell clusters with peripheral eosinophilic rays can be seen in tissue sections
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| − | *Stained using PAS, Gram stain (positive), fluorescent antibody and Calcofluor White
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| − | *Latex agglutination and immunodiffusion serology can be performed
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| − | *Grows on Blood agar and Sabouraud's Dextrose agar in one to three weeks
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| − | **At 37°C:
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| − | ***Colonies are smooth, cream to tan coloured and soft
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| − | ***No mycelium can be seen
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| − | **At 25°C to 27°C:
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| − | ***Colonies turn from white and soft to tan to brown to black
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| − | ***Leathery, wrinkled and coarse
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| − | ***Mycelium can be seen as branching septate hyphae
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| − | ***Conidiospores can also be seen
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| − | *Potassium iodide treatment orally
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| − | **[[Antifungal Drugs#Flucytosine|5-fluorocytosine]] and [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|amphotericin B]] can also be used
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| − | ==Further Links==
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| − | *Pathology of [[Mycotic skin infections - Pathology#Subcutaneous mycoses|subcutaneous mycoses]]
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| − | *[[Antifungal Drugs]]
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