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Redirected page to Category:Yeast-like Fungi
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#REDIRECT[[:Category:Yeast-like Fungi]]
 
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==Candidosis==
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*''Candidia albicans'' is the most important species
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**''C. tropicalis'' and ''C. pelliculosa'' are other important species
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*World wide distribution
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*Usually an endogenous mycoses
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*Noramlly present on skin, vagina and in the [[Alimentary - Anatomy & Physiology|GI tract]]
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*Immunocompromised animals may show symptoms
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*Usually lesions on mucous membranes and at mucocutaneous junctions
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*Many species have been implicated in bovine mastitis
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*''C. albicans'' has been isolated in porcine stomach ulcers
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*''C. rugosa'' has been implicated in pyometra in mares
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*Infection of the crop, oesophagus and mouth occur in poultry and other birds leading to 'sour crop'
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**White-grey lesions in mouth which adhere loosly to the mucous membrane
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**Crop wall may be thickened
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**Crop wall may be covered by a yellow-white necrotic material
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**Underlying tissue is inflammed
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*Causes thrush in humans
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*''C. albicans'' causes metritis and vaginitis in mares and genital candidiosis in stallions (and bulls)
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*Skin scrapings in 20% KOH for microscopy
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*Diphtheritic membranes, pus and fluids can be examined by Lactophenol Cotton Blue and stained by Gram or Methylene Blue
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*Gram positive, oval, thin-walled budding cells with hyphal fragments
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*Grow on blood agar and Sabouraud's Dextrose agar producing soft, creamy colonies in 24-48 hours
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*Grossly:
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**Exudative, papular, pustular to ulcerative dermatitis
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**Stomatitis and otitis externa may develop
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*Microscopically:
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**Spongiotic neutrophilic pustular inflammation
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**Parakeratosis
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**Ulcerations
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**Superficial exudate containing organisms
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==Cryptococcosis==
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*Over 19 species
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**''C. neoformans'' only major pathogen
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*Worldwide
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*Occurs in high concentrations in pigeon droppings (high creatinine concentration)
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**The pigeon is not infected
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**''C. neoformis'' colonise the droppings after they have been excreted
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**Also found in fruit, milk and soil
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*Exogenous, inhaled infection which is generally sporadic (non-contageous)
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**Can also be absorbed via skin penetration and ingestion
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*May be a primary pathogen or opportunistic
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*Targets the respiratory system
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**Including the paranasal sinuses
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**Also can be systemic, cutaneous, visceral, skeletal or ocular
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*Causes sporadic mastitis in cattle
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**Can spread within the herd
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*Affects the CNS of dogs and cats
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**Paranasal sinuses and pharynx can be infected with dissemination to the CNS and other tissues
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***E.g. Lungs, kidneys and joints
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**Also causes subcutaneous granulomas
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**The tip of the nose is a common site of infection in cats
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*Causes myxoma-like lesions of the lung and lip in horses
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*Causes cryptococcal meningitis in humans
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*Also affects dolphins, foxes, ferrets, monkeys, birds, cheetahs and guinea-pigs
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*Large yeast with capsule seen using India ink stain
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*Stains with PAS (Periodic acis Schiff)
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*Gram positive
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*Grows on blood agar and Sabouraud's Dextrose agar forming white, granular colonies which become slimy, mucoid and turn cream/brown within a week
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*Species identified by carbohydrate assimilation tests
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*Antigen and antibody should be tested for as antibody formed by the body is soon overwhelmed and neutralised by abundent polysaccharide antigen from the capsule, in active, systemic infections
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**Latex agglutination for antigen, complement fixation, ELISA and IFAT can be used
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==Geotrichosis==
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*''G. candidum''
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*Rare
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*Two forms: the yeast-like (glaborous) and fluffy
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*Affects a wide range of species
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*Usually diagnosed post-mortem
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*Affects the mucous membranes, udder, bronchi and lungs
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*Usually mild, causing suppurative granulomas
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*Can be recovered from otitis externa infections in dogs
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*Organisms appear as rectangular or spherical arthrospores on wet mounts
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**Thick walled, non-budding, gram positive
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*Grow on Sabouraud's Dextrose agar
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**Membranous colonies
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**Does not grow well on blood agar
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==''Malassezia pachydermidis''==
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*Caused by [[Fungi|''Malassezia pachydermatis'']]
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*Normally present in oily areas on the external ear canal and skin in dogs
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**Some strains have been recovered from the ear canal of cats
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*Bottle-shaped, small budding cells, non-mycelial
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*Gram stain shows purple yeast cells with a very wide base
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*Grow on Sabouraud's Dextrose agar in 2 weeks of incubation at room temperature
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*Greenish discolouration on blood agar
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*Clinical disease may cause yeast to proliferate and cause infection
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*Grossly:
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**Regional lesions: muzzle, ears, interdigital, perianal
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**Or generalised disease
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**Erythematous, hyperpigmented, [[Skin Glossary - Pathology|lichenified]] and scaly lesions with alopecia
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*Microscopically:
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**[[Skin Glossary - Pathology|hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis]]
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**Spongiotic pustular dermatitis
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**[[Skin Glossary - Pathology|Acanthosis]]
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**Organisms are usually present, minimum 3-5 yeasts per high-power field must be found to imply cause of disease
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==''Rhodotorula''==
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*''Rhodotorula minuta'' and ''R. rubra''
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*Canine ear infections
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*Equine uterus
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*Seldom seen in animal infections
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==''Torulopsis glabrata''==
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*Commensal in animals and is found in the soil
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*Implicated in cases of:
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**Pyelonephritis, pneumonia, septicaemia and meningitis (humans)
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**Mastitis and abortion in cattle
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**Systemic infection of monkeys and dogs
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==Trichosporonosis==
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*Found in soil
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*Deuteromycetes yeast
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*''Trichosporonosis beigelii''
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**Implicated in feline nasal granuloma, [[Mycotic skin infections - Pathology#Superficial mycoses|skin infections]] in horses and monkeys, mastitis in cattle and sheep and in feline bladder infections
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*''T. capitum'' implicated in bovine mastitis
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==Further Links==
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*[[Mycotic skin infections - Pathology]]
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*''Cryptococcus neoformans'' causes granulomatous [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]] in cats, see [[Respiratory Fungal Infections - Pathology#In Cats|respiratory infections]]
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* ''Candida'' is an opportunistic pathogen at mucus membranes, causing thrush.
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*''Blastomyces dermatitidis'' in [[Respiratory Fungal Infections - Pathology#Blastomycosis|blastomycosis in lungs]]
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*''Histoplasma capsulatum'' in [[Respiratory Fungal Infections - Pathology#Histoplasmosis|histoplasmosis in lungs]]
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*''Candida'' spp. in [[Mycotic skin infections - Pathology#Candidiasis|candidiasis]]
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*''Malassezia pachydermis'' in [[Mycotic skin infections - Pathology#Malassezia dermatitis|malassezia dermatitis]]
 
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