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Redirected page to Category:Yersinia species
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#REDIRECT[[:Category:Yersinia species]]
 
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===Overview===
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*Cause [[Intestine Pathogens - Pathology|intestinal disease]] in animals and are important zoonoses
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*10 species of which [[Yersinia pestis|''Y. pestis'']], [[Yersinia pseudotuberculosis|''Y. pseudotuberculosis]] and [[Yersinia enterocolitica|''Y. enterocolitica'']] are pathogenic to animals and humans; [[Yersinia pestis|''Y. pestis'']] is the most pathogenic
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*Rodents provide a reservoir of [[Yersinia pestis|''Y. pestis'']], which is the cause of human plague; fleas transmit the infection to other animals and humans
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*[[Yersinia pseudotuberculosis|''Y. pseudotuberculosis'']] and [[Yersinia enterocolitica|''Y. enterocolitica'']] reside in the intestine of domestic and wild animals and birds
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*Birds may cause mechanical transfer of the organisms
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===Characteristics===
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*Enterobacteria, but grow more slowly and at lower temperatures than other enterobacteria
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*Gram negative, non-spore forming, facultative anaerobes - rods or colibacilli
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*Non-lactose fermentors
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*Facultative intracellular pathogens
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*Show bipolar staining in Giemsa-stained smears from animal tissue
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*Pathogenic strains identified by serotyping and biotyping
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===Pathogenesis===
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*[[Yersinia enterocolitica|''Y. enterocolitica'']] and [[Yersinia pseudotuberculosis|''Y. pseudotuberculosis'']] enter the intestinal mucosa via M cells of the Peyer's patches
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*Engulfed by macrphages in the mucosa
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*All three invasive species are facultative intracellular organisms and grow inside macrophages
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*Plasmid and chromosomal-encoded virulence factors required for survival and multiplication in macrophages
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*Survive in phagolysosomes and do not interfere with degranulation or lysosomal fusion
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*Resistant to macrophage killing mechanisms
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*Antiphagocytic proteins secreted by the organisms interfere with host [[Neutrophils - WikiBlood|neutrophils]]
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*[[Yersinia pestis|''Y. pestis'']] is more invasive than the other species and also possesses and antiphagocytic capsule and a plasminogen activator which aids systemic spread; endotoxin also contributes to its pathogenicity
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*Transport within macrophages to mesenteric lymph nodes
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*Replication in lymph nodes and development of necrotic lesions, with neutrophil invasion
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*The bacteria destroy the macrophages causing septicaemia
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===Clinical infections===
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*''[[Yersinia pestis]]''
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*''[[Yersinia pseudotuberculosis]]''
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*''[[Yersinia enterocolitica]]''
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===Diagnosis===
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*''Yersinia'' species grow on blood agar and MacConkey agar at room temperature.
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*''Y. pseudotuberculosis'' and ''Y. enerocolica'' are motile, unlike ''Y. pestis''
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*Biochemical tests to identify particular species
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*Specific fluorescent antibody staining of lymph node aspirates to identify ''Y. pestis''
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===Control===
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*Control ''Y. pestis'' by controlling rodent population and flea control of cats
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*Control of other ''Yersinia'' species difficult due to their ubiquity
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===Treatment===
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*Euthanase or isolate animals suspected of ''Y. pestis'' infection; Streptomycin, doxycycline, gentamicin or chloramphinol
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*Long-acting tetracyclines, trimethoprim-sulphonamides, aminoglycosides and chloramphicol effective against ''Y. pseudotuberculosis'' and ''Y. enterocolica''
 
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