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<big><center>[[Infectious agents and parasites|'''BACK TO INFECTIOUS AGENTS AND PARASITES''']]</center></big>
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#REDIRECT[[:Category:Pasteurella and Mannheimia species]]
<big><center>[[Bacteria|'''BACK TO BACTERIA''']]</center></big>
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*''Pasteurella multocida'' in [[Nasal cavity - inflammatory#Bacterial rhinitis|Atrophic rhinitis of pigs]] and [[Bacterial infections#In Pigs|atrophic rhinitis]]
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* [[Peritoneal cavity - inflammatory#Peritonitis|Peritonitis in sheep]]
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* [[General Pathology - Oedema#Permeability type|Permeability types of pulmonary oedema]].
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* Can be secondary to [[Viral infections#In Cattle|IBR]]
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*Causes [[Bacterial infections#In Rabbits|'Snuffles' in rabbits]]
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*[[Bacterial infections#Pasteurellosis in pigs|Pasteurellosis in pigs]]
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* Can cause vascular fragility, leading to [[General Pathology - Haemostasis#Haemorrhagic Disease Due To Vascular Fragility|haemorrhagic disease]].
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*''M. haemolytica'' and ''P. multocida'' may contribute to [[Bacterial infections#Enzootic pneumonia of calves|Enzootic pneumonia of calves]]
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*Often follows [[Viral infections#Parainfluenza- 3|parainfluenza - 3]] infection of cattle
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*''P. haemolytica'' in [[Bacterial infections#Enzootic pneumonia of lambs|enzootic pneumonia of lambs]]
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*In [[Pleural cavity and membranes - inflammatory#Pyothorax (Thoracic empyema)|pyothorax]]
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*''P. multocida'' in [[Muscles - inflammatory#Abscesses|cellulitis]] in cats
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===Overview ''Pasteurella'' and ''Mannheimia''===
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*Common commensals of the upper respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract mucosa of animals
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*Usually opportunistic organisms, causing disease during times of stress, low resistance or concurrent infection
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*Not part of the human bacterial flora
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*Small Gram-negative bacilli or coccobacilli
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*Facultative anaerobes
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*Oxidase-positive
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*May show bipolar staining with polychrome stains such as Wright's stain
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*Capsules contain acidic polysaccharides
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===''Pasteurella'' Properties===
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*Catarrhal odour
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*Produce endotoxins which cause host damage and death
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*Their capsules resist phagocytosis
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===''Pasteurella multocida''===
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*Large grey colonies on blood agar
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*Not haemolytic
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*Do not grow on MacConkey
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*Five capsular serotypes, A,B,D,E and F
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*Primary and secondary pathogen
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*Responsible for secondary infections following primary viral and mycoplasmal infections, especially in the lungs, for example during pig enzootic pneumonia
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*Typa A
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**Commensal in upper respiratory tract of animals in UK
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**Primary pathogen in avian cholera - a septicaemia in chickens and turkeys
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**Secondary pathogen commomly repsonsible for dog and cat bite wound infections in humans and animals
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**Feline pyothorax and other serositides
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**Some strains involved in [[Nasal cavity - inflammatory#Bacterial rhinitis|Atrophic rhinitis of pigs]], and produce osteolytic toxin
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**Involved in [[Bacterial infections#In Rabbits|'Snuffles' in rabbits]], a mucopurulent rhinosinitis
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*Type B
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**Causes Haemorrhagic Septicaemia of cattle in Southern Europe and Asia
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*Type D
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**Primary and secondary pathogen
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**Causes [[Bacterial infections#In Pigs|atrophic rhinitis]] along with [[Bordetella bronchiseptica and Bordetella avium|''Bordetella bronchiseptica'']] in pigs
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**''Pasteurella multocida'' adhere to epithelium damaged by [[Bordetella bronchiseptica and Bordetella avium|''Bordetella bronchiseptica'']]
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**Produces an osteolytic toxin (Pmt), which stimulates osteoclasts, inducing bone resorption of the nasal turbinates
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*Type E
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**Causes African Bovine Haemorrhagic Septicaemia
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===''Pasteurella pneumotropica''===
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*Carried in nasopharynx of many small rodents
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*Causes pneumonia in rodents as a secondary disease
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===''Pasteurella trehalosi''===
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*T biotypes - trehalose fermenters
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*Pneumonia in ruminants
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*Septicaemic pasteurellosis in feeder lambs
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*Mastitis in sheep
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===''Pasteurella canis''===
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*Pneumonia in dogs
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*Occasionally infects wounds
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===''Pasteurella caballi''===
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*Equine respiratory tract disease, usually in association with ''Streptococcus equi'' subspecies [[Streptococci#S. zooepidemicus|''S. zooepidemicus'']]
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*Equine peritonitis
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===''Pasteurella aerogenes''===
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*Associated with gastroenteritis and abortion in swine
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===''Mannheimia''===
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===''Mannheimia haemolytica''===
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*Cause of epizootic pneumonia in cattle known as Shipping Fever, Transit Fever or [[Bacterial infections#Pneumonic pasteurellosis|pneumonic pasteurellosis]] (90% caused by Biotype A, serotype 1 but also ''Pasteurella multocida''
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*Usually secondary to viral infections such as [[Viral infections#Parainfluenza- 3|parainfluenza - 3]] or [[Viral infections#In Cattle|IBR]], bacterial infections such as ''Mycoplasma'' or environmental stress
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*Enzootic pneumonia in sheep
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*Septicaemia in young lambs
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*Causes mastitis in sheep
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*Beta-haemolytic on blood agar
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*Grow weakly on MacConkey agar
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*Odourless
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*All are ''Mannheimia'' A biotypes (previously ''Pasterurella haemolytica'')
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*Strains often produce a cytotoxin, known as leukotoxin, which kills leukocytes of ruminants
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*Leukotoxin is a member of the RTX group toxins, and is probably largely responsible for the pathogenicity of the bacteria in septicaemia and pneumonia
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===''Mannheimia glucosida''===
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*Previously biotype A11
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*Respiratory condition of ruminants
 
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