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| − | <big><center>[[Infectious agents and parasites|'''BACK TO INFECTIOUS AGENTS AND PARASITES''']]</center></big>
| + | #REDIRECT[[:Category:Staphylococcus species]] |
| − | <big><center>[[Bacteria|'''BACK TO BACTERIA''']]</center></big>
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| − | * [[General Pathology - Oedema#Permeability type|Permeability types of pulmonary oedema]]
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| − | * Can cause haemorrhagic disease by [[General Pathology - Haemostasis#Secondary Thrombocytopenic Disease|secondary thrombocytopenic disease]].
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| − | *May infect [[Joints - inflammatory#In Sheep|joints of sheep]] [[Joints - inflammatory#In Pigs|arthritis in pigs]],
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| − | *''Staphylococcus'' spp. in [[Bacterial skin infections#Impetigo|impetigo]]
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| − | ==Staphylococcus hyicus==
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| − | *Pigs - '''greasy pig disease'''
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| − | *Exudative epidermitis due to ''Staphylococcus hyicus'' is a worldwide problem in piglets.
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| − | *The organism can often be isolated from the mucosa and skin of healthy adult pigs, and can persist in the environment for long periods.
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| − | *Disease occurs only in young piglets up to about 35 days of age.
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| − | *Passive transfer of antibodies from immune sows and development of immunity with age appear to adequately protect against disease.
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| − | *Piglets from non-immune sows are predisposed.
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| − | *Skin trauma, such as due to fighting, allowing entry of infective organisms is also considered a risk factor in this disease.
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| − | ===[[Bacterial skin infections#Greasy pig disease|Pathology]]===
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| − | ===Pathogenesis===
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| − | *''Staphylococcus hyicus'' produces an exfoliative toxin of approximately 30 kDa that causes separation of cells in the upper stratum spinosum resulting in rapid intraepidermal spread of organisms.
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| − | *Death of affected piglets is common and is attributed to dehydration, septicemia, or both.
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| − | *This porcine disorder has been likened to “scalded skin syndrome” in human neonates, due to skin infection by exfoliative toxin-producing ''Staphylococcus aureus''.
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| − | ===Differential diagnosis===
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| − | *mange (Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis)
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| − | *swine parakeratosis (zinc and essential fatty acid deficiency)
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| − | *porcine juvenile pustular psoriasiform dermatitis (collarettes or rings typically on the ventrum of young pigs)
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| − | *dermatosis vegetans (associated with a giant cell pneumonia)
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| − | *dermatophytosis (most commonly Microsporum nanum)
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| − | ==Staphylococcus aureus==
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| − | * May cause [[Intestines - disease due to pathogens#Staphylococcus|gastroenteritis]] in small animals.
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| − | *[[Muscles - inflammatory#Botryomycosis|Botryomycosis]] in muscles
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| − | *In botryomycosis in [[Bacterial skin infections#Bacterial granulomatous dermatitis|skin]]
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| − | ===Overview===
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| − | *Commensals on skin and mucous membranes of animals and man
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| − | *Enodgenous or exogenous infections
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| − | *Opportunistic pyogenic infections associated with trauma, immusuppression, other infections
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| − | *Coagulase-positive 'S. aureus'' and ''S. intermedius'' as well as ''S. hyicus'' are important pathogens of animals
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| − | *Fairly stable in environment
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| − | *Strains selective for particular species
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| − | *Cause mastitis, tick pyaemia, exudative epidermitis, botryomycosis and pyoderma
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| − | ===Characteristics===
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| − | *Clusters of Gram-positive cocci
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| − | *At least 30 species
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| − | *Facultative anaerobes
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| − | *Catalase positive, oxidase negative, non-motile
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| − | *Virulent strains are coagulase positive
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| − | *Grow on non-enriched media
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| − | *White or golden colonies
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| − | *''S. aureus'' and ''S. intermedius'' produce double haemolysis; they produce alpha-haemolysin and beta-haemolysin
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| − | *Alpha-haemolysin prouces a narrow zone of complete haemolysis, whereas beta-haemolysin produces a wide zone of incomplete haemolysis
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| − | *Haemolysins act as toxins
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| − | *''S. hyicus'' is non-haemolytic
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| − | *Coagulase-negative strains vary in ability to cause haemolysis
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| − | *Slide test to detect bound coagulase (clumping factor) on surface of bacteria; bacteria clump within 1-2 minutes
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| − | *Tube test detects free coagulase, secreted by bactera; positive result indicated by clot formation in tube following 24-hour incubation
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| − | *Biochemical tests to differentiate ''S. aureus'' and ''S. intermedius''
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| − | *PCR to differentiate species
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| − | ===Pathogenesis and pathogenicity===
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| − | *Cause suppurative lesions
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| − | *Trauma or immunosuppression predispose to infection
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| − | *Capsular polysaccharide, teichoic acids and potein A prevent opsonisation and therefore phagocytosis
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| − | *Cell wall proteins bind fibronectin and fibrinogen, allowing bacteria to attched to damaged tissues
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| − | *Coagulase, DNase and protein A production mark pathogenicity
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| − | ===Diagnosis===
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| − | *Clusters of bacteria in Gram-stained smears of pus
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| − | *Culture on selective blood agar and MacConkey agar
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| − | *No growth on MacConkey
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| − | *Colony characteristics, haemolysis, catalase and coagulase production
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| − | *Phage typing for epidemiological studies
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| − | ===Bovine mastitis===
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| − | *''S. aureus'' is a common cause of mastitisin cattle worldwide
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| − | *Most infections subclinical
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| − | *Systemic infection can occur with peracute and gangrenous forms
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| − | *In gangrenous mastitis, the quarter may become necrotic and slough off; alpha toxin causes necrosis of smooth muscle in blood vessel walls, reducing blood flow to the affected quarter, and causes release of lysomal enzymes from leukocytes
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| − | ===Tick pyaemia===
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| − | *Infection of lambs with ''S. aureus'' in hill-grazing areas of the UK
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| − | *Lambs carry ''S. aureus'' on their skin and nasal mucosa; infection via skin trauma including tick bites
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| − | *''Ixodes ricinus'' tick acts as a vector for ''Ehrlichia phagocytophila'', which causes immunosuppression in lambs, predisposing to staphylococcal infection
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| − | *Acute septicaemia and death or localised abscess formation in many organs
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| − | *Arthritis, posterior paresis and ill-thrift
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| − | *Microscopic identification of bacteria in pus and isolation of ''S. aureus''
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| − | *Prophylactic antibiotics e.g. tetracyclines initiated at 1 week of age may prevent infection
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| − | *Tick control important
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| − | ===Exudative epidermitis (greasy pig disease===
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| − | *Worldwide disease of pigs under 3 months of age caused by ''S. hyicus''
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| − | *Highly contagious
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| − | *Excessive sebacious secretion and exudation on surface of skin
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| − | *Pigs are anorexic, febrile, depressed and have a greasy, non-pruritic dermatitis
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| − | *Acute death in piglets under 3 weeks
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| − | *20-100% morbidity; up to 90% mortality
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| − | *Organism enters skin via abrasions e.g. bite wounds
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| − | *Carried in vaginal mucosa and skin of sows
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| − | *Predisposed by lack of milk, weaning and other infections
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| − | *Isolation from skin lesions
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| − | *Early systemic antibiotics amd topical antiseptics/antibiotics useful
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| − | *Disinfection after outbreak
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| − | *Wash sows before farrowing
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| − | ===Botryomycosis===
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| − | *Chronic, suppurative granulomatous condition
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| − | *''S. aureus''
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| − | *Occurs following castration of horses due to infection of stump of spermatic cors
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| − | *Occurs in mammary tissues of sows
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| − | *Mass of fibrous tissue containing pus and sinus tracts
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| − | ===Infections in dogs and cats===
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| − | *''S. intermedius'' causes [[Bacterial skin infections#Deep pyoderma|deep pyoderma]], otitis externa, mastitis, endometritis, cystitis, osteomyelitis, wound infections, [[Joints - inflammatory#In Dogs|dyscospondylitis]]
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