Changes

===Naso-gastric Intubation===

===Naso-gastric Intubation===

Passing a Naso-Gastric Tube (NGT) is useful both diagnostically and therapeutically.  It should be performed in any patient with colic in order to determine if gastric distention is present and to relieve it. Therapeutically, gastric decompression is important, since horses are unable to vomit.Fluid is refluxed from the stomach, and any more than 2 litres of fluid is considered to be significant and indicates that surgery is necessary. Increased fluid is generally a result of backing up of fluid through the intestinal tract, due to a downstream obstruction. More than 2 litres of nasogastric reflux can be caused by a primary disorder of the small intestine or stomach. Horses with anterior enteritis have large volumes (10 to 20 litres) of reflux. Large colon obstructions such as a torsion can produce reflux due to secondary ileus and compression of the small intestine which prevents gastric emptying. The quantity, smell, content, and pH of the fluid should always be assessed. Blood-tinged, foul-smelling reflux indicates a severe anterior enteritis or a strangulating small intestinal obstruction. In these cases, gastric fluid will continue to build up and so the tube should be left in place to prevent a fatal gastric rupture.  

[[Nasogastric intubation in the horse|Passing a Naso-Gastric Tube]] is useful both diagnostically and therapeutically.  It should be performed in any patient with colic in order to determine if gastric distention is present and to relieve it. Therapeutically, gastric decompression is important, since horses are unable to vomit.Fluid is refluxed from the stomach, and any more than 2 litres of fluid is considered to be significant and indicates that surgery is necessary. Increased fluid is generally a result of backing up of fluid through the intestinal tract, due to a downstream obstruction. More than 2 litres of nasogastric reflux can be caused by a primary disorder of the small intestine or stomach. Horses with anterior enteritis have large volumes (10 to 20 litres) of reflux. Large colon obstructions such as a torsion can produce reflux due to secondary ileus and compression of the small intestine which prevents gastric emptying. The quantity, smell, content, and pH of the fluid should always be assessed. Blood-tinged, foul-smelling reflux indicates a severe anterior enteritis or a strangulating small intestinal obstruction. In these cases, gastric fluid will continue to build up and so the tube should be left in place to prevent a fatal gastric rupture.  

===Clinicopathologic Evaluation===

===Clinicopathologic Evaluation===