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*[[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] is small and fibrosed
*[[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] is small and fibrosed
*jaundice is not a consistent feature
*jaundice is not a consistent feature
== Copper and liver disease ==
*Copper – cofactor for enzymes (lysyl oxidase), electron transport proteins (cytochrome c oxidase) and antioxidant molecules (superoxide dismutase).
*Primarily absorbed through the [[Small Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|small intestine]] and [[Forestomach - Anatomy & Physiology|stomach]] (upper small intestine in the dog).
*Enterocyte regulation of absorption – metallothionein and a copper transport protein – ATPase7A.
*Metallothionein is a low molecular wt cytoplasmic protein, in all tissues; expression in response to heavy metals, various hormones and stress. metallothionein in cytoplasm of enterocytes leads to absorption of copper.
*ATPase7A – transmembrane copper transporter in a number of cell types.
*Defective in people with Menke’s disease – the animal model is the mottled mouse – results in faulty transport of copper out of the cell –leads to copper accumulation in enterocytes. [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|Liver]] and brain that have little of the transporter experience copper deficiency.
*Chronic diet XS of copper leads to accumulation in the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] .
*Serum copper – in 2 pools
**Exchangeable pool – loosely bound to carrier molecules; 80% of it bound to transcuperin, the rest bound to albumin.
**Other pool – tightly bound to carrier molecules.
[[Category:Hepatotoxicity,_Chronic]][[Category:Sheep]]
[[Category:Hepatotoxicity,_Chronic]][[Category:Sheep]]