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==Introduction==
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Congenital abnormalities occur relatively commonly in young (approximately 1% all human births).  May produce dramatic clinical signs or signs may be vague, such as failure to thrive.  Clinical signs may become more apparent as the animal grows and activity levels increase.
 
Congenital abnormalities occur relatively commonly in young (approximately 1% all human births).  May produce dramatic clinical signs or signs may be vague, such as failure to thrive.  Clinical signs may become more apparent as the animal grows and activity levels increase.
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Understanding the [[Developmental Anatomy of the Heart - Anatomy & Physiology|normal development of the heart and great vessels]] allows an understanding of the morphology and pathology of the congenital abnormalities seen in mammals.
 
Understanding the [[Developmental Anatomy of the Heart - Anatomy & Physiology|normal development of the heart and great vessels]] allows an understanding of the morphology and pathology of the congenital abnormalities seen in mammals.
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==Chamber Development==
 
==Chamber Development==
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===Atrial Septal Defect===
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===[[Atrial Septal Defect]]===
 
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Persistent Foramen Ovale, allowing blood flow from left to right atria. 
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Produces volume overload of right ventricle and subsequent raise in central venous pressure and venous congestion.
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''Incidence:''
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*Rare in cats and dogs, increased incidence in Old English Sheepdogs and Boxers.
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*More common in cattle, often due to failure of growth of septum secundum.
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''Clinical Signs:''
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*If small defect no clinical signs.
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*If large defect see exercise intolerance, syncope and dyspnoea.
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''Diagnosis:''
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*Enlarged right ventricle and atrium on radiology.
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*Can visualise on echocardiography.
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''Treatment:''<br>
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Usually no management needed.
      
===Ventricular Septal Defect===
 
===Ventricular Septal Defect===
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