Changes

*Vaccination sets up memory to the viral infection

*Vaccination sets up memory to the viral infection

*High levels of [[T cell differentiation - WikiBlood#Cytotoxic T-Cells|cytotoxic T cells]] and neutralising [[Immunoglobulins - WikiBlood|antibody]] are activated in 1-2 days as a [[B cell differentiation - WikiBlood#Secondary T Cell Dependent Response|secondary response]] (instead of 4-10 days as a [[B cell differentiation - WikiBlood#T-Cell Dependent Response|primary response]])

*High levels of [[T cell differentiation - WikiBlood#Cytotoxic T-Cells|cytotoxic T cells]] and neutralising [[Immunoglobulins|antibody]] are activated in 1-2 days as a [[B cell differentiation - WikiBlood#Secondary T Cell Dependent Response|secondary response]] (instead of 4-10 days as a [[B cell differentiation - WikiBlood#T-Cell Dependent Response|primary response]])

*The infection is therefore prevented from taking hold causing lesions to develop

*The infection is therefore prevented from taking hold causing lesions to develop

*Neutralising [[Immunoglobulins - WikiBlood|antibody]] blocks the attachment of virus to host cell receptors

*Neutralising [[Immunoglobulins|antibody]] blocks the attachment of virus to host cell receptors

*'''Endogenous vaccines''' are where the [[Adaptive Immune System - WikiBlood#Antigen Recognition|antigen]] are made as new proteins by the cell, bacterium or virus  

*'''Endogenous vaccines''' are where the [[Adaptive Immune System - WikiBlood#Antigen Recognition|antigen]] are made as new proteins by the cell, bacterium or virus  

'''Disadvantages:'''

'''Disadvantages:'''

*Short duration of action

*Short duration of action

**Temporary protection by the administration of preformed [[Immunoglobulins - WikiBlood|antibody]] from another individual of the same or of a different species

**Temporary protection by the administration of preformed [[Immunoglobulins|antibody]] from another individual of the same or of a different species

**The acquired [[Immunoglobulins - WikiBlood|antibodies]] are used in combination with [[Adaptive Immune System - WikiBlood#Antigen Recognition|antigen]], and catabolised by the body, meaning protection is gradually lost

**The acquired [[Immunoglobulins|antibodies]] are used in combination with [[Adaptive Immune System - WikiBlood#Antigen Recognition|antigen]], and catabolised by the body, meaning protection is gradually lost

*Injection of antiserum may cause an [[Allergic diseases - WikiClinical|allergic response]]

*Injection of antiserum may cause an [[Allergic diseases - WikiClinical|allergic response]]

*Antiserum contains many [[Immunoglobulins - WikiBlood|antibodies]], not just the specific [[Immunoglobulins - WikiBlood|antibodies]] needed

*Antiserum contains many [[Immunoglobulins|antibodies]], not just the specific [[Immunoglobulins|antibodies]] needed

'''Types of [[Immunoglobulins - WikiBlood|antibodies]] administered:'''

'''Types of [[Immunoglobulins|antibodies]] administered:'''

*Maternally-derived [[Immunoglobulins - WikiBlood|antibodies]] in [[Materno-fetal immunity - WikiBlood#Passive transfer via colostrum|colostrum]]

*Maternally-derived [[Immunoglobulins|antibodies]] in [[Materno-fetal immunity - WikiBlood#Passive transfer via colostrum|colostrum]]

*Antiserum (artificial)

*Antiserum (artificial)

**The [[Immunoglobulins - WikiBlood|antibodies]] are used in combination with [[Adaptive Immune System - WikiBlood#Antigen Recognition|antigen]] (and often an [[Vaccines - WikiBlood#Adjuvants|adjuvant]]) which is injected into the host animal

**The [[Immunoglobulins|antibodies]] are used in combination with [[Adaptive Immune System - WikiBlood#Antigen Recognition|antigen]] (and often an [[Vaccines - WikiBlood#Adjuvants|adjuvant]]) which is injected into the host animal

**The immune system of that animal synthesises [[Immunoglobulins - WikiBlood|antibodies]]

**The immune system of that animal synthesises [[Immunoglobulins|antibodies]]

**Repeated injections at intervals increases the total [[Immunoglobulins - WikiBlood|antibody]] production

**Repeated injections at intervals increases the total [[Immunoglobulins|antibody]] production

**The immunised animal is bled and the serum collected which contains the newly made [[Immunoglobulins - WikiBlood|antibodies]]. The serum is called '''antiserum'''.

**The immunised animal is bled and the serum collected which contains the newly made [[Immunoglobulins|antibodies]]. The serum is called '''antiserum'''.

**The serum can then be injected into a different animal to confer passive immunisation

**The serum can then be injected into a different animal to confer passive immunisation

===Active immunisation===

===Active immunisation===

*Administer [[Adaptive Immune System - WikiBlood#Antigen Recognition|antigen]] so the patient develops its own [[Immunoglobulins - WikiBlood|antibodies]] to protect against disease

*Administer [[Adaptive Immune System - WikiBlood#Antigen Recognition|antigen]] so the patient develops its own [[Immunoglobulins|antibodies]] to protect against disease

**Living organisms

**Living organisms

**Dead organisms

**Dead organisms

'''Advantages'''

'''Advantages'''

*Long duration of action  

*Long duration of action  

**Once [[Immunoglobulins - WikiBlood|antibody]] is produced against the [[Adaptive Immune System - WikiBlood#Antigen Recognition|antigen]], [[B cell differentiation - WikiBlood#Memory cells|memory cells]] are formed which continue circulating in the body

**Once [[Immunoglobulins|antibody]] is produced against the [[Adaptive Immune System - WikiBlood#Antigen Recognition|antigen]], [[B cell differentiation - WikiBlood#Memory cells|memory cells]] are formed which continue circulating in the body

**For further information on memory cells click [[B cell differentiation - WikiBlood|here]]

**For further information on memory cells click [[B cell differentiation - WikiBlood|here]]

*Delay in protection  

*Delay in protection  

**The host's immune system needs to evoke an immune response against the [[Adaptive Immune System - WikiBlood#Antigen Recognition|antigen]] which can take a few days

**The host's immune system needs to evoke an immune response against the [[Adaptive Immune System - WikiBlood#Antigen Recognition|antigen]] which can take a few days

**For further information on the [[Immunoglobulins - WikiBlood|antibody]] response click [[Adaptive Immune System - WikiBlood|here]]

**For further information on the [[Immunoglobulins|antibody]] response click [[Adaptive Immune System - WikiBlood|here]]

*Often needs two or more doses  

*Often needs two or more doses  

**The first dose initiates the '''priming''' reaction where [[Immunoglobulins - WikiBlood|antibody]] production ceases after a few weeks, but the second and subsequent doses create [[B cell differentiation - WikiBlood#Memory cells|memory cells]] which remain in the circulation for a much longer period of time

**The first dose initiates the '''priming''' reaction where [[Immunoglobulins|antibody]] production ceases after a few weeks, but the second and subsequent doses create [[B cell differentiation - WikiBlood#Memory cells|memory cells]] which remain in the circulation for a much longer period of time

**For further information on the T cell independent and dependent responses click [[B cell differentiation - WikiBlood#T-Cell Dependent and Independent Responses|here]]

**For further information on the T cell independent and dependent responses click [[B cell differentiation - WikiBlood#T-Cell Dependent and Independent Responses|here]]

*Different subtypes of [[Lymphocytes#Helper CD4+|T helper cells]] are stimulated by different adjuvants

*Different subtypes of [[Lymphocytes#Helper CD4+|T helper cells]] are stimulated by different adjuvants

**E.g. Aluminium salts generate bias [[T cell differentiation - WikiBlood#TH2 Cells|T helper II]] responses for [[Immunoglobulins - WikiBlood|'''antibody''']]-mediated immunity

**E.g. Aluminium salts generate bias [[T cell differentiation - WikiBlood#TH2 Cells|T helper II]] responses for [[Immunoglobulins|'''antibody''']]-mediated immunity

**E.g. Killed mycobacteria generate IL-12 producing good '''cell'''-mediated immunity

**E.g. Killed mycobacteria generate IL-12 producing good '''cell'''-mediated immunity

*The virus life cycle consists of an extracellular phase, a replicative intracellular phase and another extracellular phase spreading viral particles to other cells to begin the life cycle again

*The virus life cycle consists of an extracellular phase, a replicative intracellular phase and another extracellular phase spreading viral particles to other cells to begin the life cycle again

*Immunity for the extracellular phase requires neutralising [[Immunoglobulins - WikiBlood|'''antibody''']]

*Immunity for the extracellular phase requires neutralising [[Immunoglobulins|'''antibody''']]

**[[Lymphocytes#B Cells|B cells]] needed

**[[Lymphocytes#B Cells|B cells]] needed

**[[T cell differentiation - WikiBlood#TH2 Cells|T helper type II cells]] needed (for the [[MHC - WikiBlood#MHC II|MHC class II pathway]])

**[[T cell differentiation - WikiBlood#TH2 Cells|T helper type II cells]] needed (for the [[MHC - WikiBlood#MHC II|MHC class II pathway]])

===Immunity to Bacterial Infection===

===Immunity to Bacterial Infection===

*Extracellular bacterial infection needs [[Immunoglobulins - WikiBlood|'''antibody''']] production for [[Complement#Opsonisation|opsonisation]] and to activate the [[Complement|complement pathways]]

*Extracellular bacterial infection needs [[Immunoglobulins|'''antibody''']] production for [[Complement#Opsonisation|opsonisation]] and to activate the [[Complement|complement pathways]]

**[[Lymphocytes#B Cells|B cells]] needed

**[[Lymphocytes#B Cells|B cells]] needed

**[[T cell differentiation - WikiBlood#TH2 Cells|T helper type II cells]] needed

**[[T cell differentiation - WikiBlood#TH2 Cells|T helper type II cells]] needed