Difference between revisions of "Equine Haematology"

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|subtext1= Equine Section
 
|subtext1= Equine Section
 
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'''Go to [[#Donkey|donkey parameters]]'''
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===Horse===
 
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!bgcolor="#A7C1F2" width="180px"|Haematologic Type
 
!bgcolor="#A7C1F2" width="180px"|Haematologic Type
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===Donkey===
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<br>
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{|border="2" width="800px" align="center" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" rules="all" style="margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:solid 1px #AAAAAA; border-collapse:collapse;empty-cells:show"
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!bgcolor="#A7C1F2" width="180px"|Parameter/units
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!bgcolor="#A7C1F2"|Average
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!bgcolor="#A7C1F2"|Range
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!bgcolor="#A7C1F2"|Interpretation
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|-
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!align="left"|RBC 10<sup>12</sup>/l
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|5.5
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|(4 - 7.3)
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|'''Red blood cells, packed cell volume, haemoglobin:'''
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Elevations in RBC, PCV, and Hb may occur in dehydration and with stress, excitation and exercise. A reduction in these values may occur with acute haemorrhage, chronic inflammation, renal disease, hepatic disease, parasitism, haemolysis, and haematopoietic neoplasia.
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|-
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!align="left" bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|PCV %
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|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|33
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|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|(25 - 38)
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|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|<small>As above</small>
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|-
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!align="left"|Hb g/dl
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|11.6
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|(9 - 15.3)
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|<small>As above</small>
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|-
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!align="left" bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|MCH pg
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|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|21.9
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|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|(18.9 - 28.6)
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|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|'''Mean corpuscular haematology:'''
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Elevations occur with haemolysis. Reductions usually indicate iron deficiency.
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|-
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!align="left"|MCHC g/dl
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|34.8
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|(31.4 - 39.1)
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|'''Mean corpuscular haematological concentration:'''
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Elevations occur with haemolysis. Reductions may indicate iron deficiency.
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|-
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!align="left" bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|MCV fl
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|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|64
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|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|(57 - 79)
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|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|'''Macrocytosis''' seen with regenerative anaemia. Microcytosis seen with iron deficiency.
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|-
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!align="left"|WBC 10<sup>9</sup>/l
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|10.2
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|(6.1 - 16.1)
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|'''White blood cells'''. The total number of WBC is influenced by the numbers of [[Neutrophils|neutrophils]], lymphocytes, eosinophils,  [[Monocytes|monocytes]] and basophils. Leucocytosis is seen with septic and non-septic inflammatory conditions. Leucopaenia can occur
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during viral infection and severe leucopenia with acute bacterial infections.
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|-
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!align="left" bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|NEU %
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|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|50.5
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|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|(28 - 78)
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|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|'''Neutrophils.''' Neutrophilia can arise transiently due to exercise, excitement and stress. Elevations are seen with septic and non-septic inflammatory conditions and acute bacterial infections. Corticosteroids, exogenous and endogenous, also cause a neutrophilia. Neutropenia can occur during viral infections.
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|-
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!align="left"|NEU T 10<sup>9</sup>/l
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|5.0
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|(2.2 - 13.3)
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|<small>As above</small>
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|-
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!align="left" bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|EOS %
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|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|4
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|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|(1 - 10)
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|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|'''Eosinophils.''' Eosinophilia may be seen as a result of parasitism, allergic respiratory disease and eosinophilic leukaemia. Eosinopaenia is hard to evaluate as the numbers of eosinophils in normal donkeys are low.
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|-
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!align="left"|EOS T 10<sup>9</sup>/l
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|0.38
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|(0.09 - 1.15)
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|<small>As above</small>
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|-
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!align="left" bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|BAS %
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|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|0
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|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|(0 - 0.8)
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|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|'''Basophils.''' Basophilia is rare in donkeys.
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|-
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!align="left"|BAS T 10<sup>9</sup>/l
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|0
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|(0 - 0.5)
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|<small>As above</small>
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|-
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!align="left" bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|LYM %
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|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|43
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|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|(17 - 65)
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|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|'''Lymphocytes.''' Lymphocytosis occurs in response to chronic viral infections, autoimmune disease and with excitement or exercise. Large elevations in lymphocyte numbers can be seen in lymphoma. Lymphopaenia occurs as a result of stress, exogenous corticosteroid administration, severe bacterial or viral infections, endotoxemia and immunodeficiency.
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|-
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!align="left"|LYM T 10<sup>9</sup>/l
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|4.2
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|(1.8 - 7.8)
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|<small>As above</small>
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|-
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!align="left" bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|MON %
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|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|1
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|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|(0 - 5)
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|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|'''Monocytes.''' Monocytosis can occur as a result of chronic suppurative and granulomatous inflammation. It may also be seen during recovery from viral infections of the upper respiratory tract.
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|-
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!align="left"|MON T 10<sup>9</sup>/l
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|0.13
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|(0 - 0.8)
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|<small>As above</small>
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|-
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!align="left" bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|Platelets 10<sup>9</sup>/l
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|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|5.5
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|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|(4 - 7.3)
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|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|'''Thrombocytes.''' Thrombocytosis is rare but can occur in bacterial infections. Thrombocytopaenia may be seen in disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC), immunemediated thrombocytopenia, equine infectious anaemia (EIA),  endotoxemia, equine ehrlichiosis, neoplasia, or as a result of severe haemorrhage. Artifactual reductions in platelet numbers can occur as a result of platelets clumping in EDTA.
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|-
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|}
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Svendsen, E.D., Duncan, J. and Hadrill, D. (2008) ''The Professional Handbook of the Donkey'', 4th edition, Whittet Books, Appendix 1

Revision as of 16:56, 12 June 2010

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EQUINE SECTION


Go to donkey parameters

Horse

Haematologic Type US Units Full US Units Internarional Standard Units (SI) Full SI Units Normal Ranges
UNITED STATES UNITS / International Standard Units (SI)
Packed Cell Volume (PCV) (Haematocrit) % Percentage x10-2/L Per litr 32 - 48 (Lower in cold-blooded)
Hemoglobin (Hgb) g/dL Grams per deci-litre x10 g/L Grams per litre 10 - 18
Red Blood Cells (RBC) x10-6/uL Per microlitre x10 g/L Grams per litre 6 - 12
Reticulocytes % Percentage % Percentage 0
Mean Corpuscular Volume f/L Per femtolitre f/L Per femtolitre 34 - 58
Mean Corpuscular Hgb pg Per picogram pg Per picogram 13 - 19
Mean Corpuscular Hgb Concentration g/dL Grams per deci-litre x10 g/L Grams per litre 31 - 37
Platelets x10-5/uL Per microlitre x10-11/L Per litre 1 - 6
White Blood Cells x10-3/uL Per microlitre x10-9/L Per litre 6 - 12
Neutrophils (Segmented) % x10-3/uL Per microlitre % x10-9/L Per litre 30 - 75% or 3 - 6
Neutrophils (band) % x10-3/uL Per microlitre % x10-9/L Per litre 0 - 1% or 0 - 0.1
Lymphocytes % x10-3/uL Per microlitre % x10-9/L Per litre 25 - 60 / 1.5 - 5
Monocytes % x10-3/uL Per microlitre % x10-9/L Per litre 1 - 8 / 0 - 0.6
Eosinophils % x10-3/uL Per microlitre % x10-9/L Per litre 1 - 10 / 0 - 0.8
Basophils % x10-3/uL Per microlitre % x10-9/L Per litre 0 - 3% or 0 - 0.3
Myeloid/Erythroid Ratio No units No units No units No units 0.9 - 3.8 : 1
Plasma Proteins g/dL Grams per deci-litre x10g/L Grams per litre 6 - 8.5
Plasma Fibrogen g/dL Grams per deci-litre x10g/L Grams per litre 0.1 - 0.4
Kahn, Cynthia M., Line, Scott., Aiello, Susan E. (2005) The Merck Veterinary Manual. Ninth Edition ed. New Jersey, United States of America: Merck & Co., Inc. & Merial Limited. pp.Hematological Reference Guides.

Donkey


Parameter/units Average Range Interpretation
RBC 1012/l 5.5 (4 - 7.3) Red blood cells, packed cell volume, haemoglobin:

Elevations in RBC, PCV, and Hb may occur in dehydration and with stress, excitation and exercise. A reduction in these values may occur with acute haemorrhage, chronic inflammation, renal disease, hepatic disease, parasitism, haemolysis, and haematopoietic neoplasia.

PCV % 33 (25 - 38) As above
Hb g/dl 11.6 (9 - 15.3) As above
MCH pg 21.9 (18.9 - 28.6) Mean corpuscular haematology:

Elevations occur with haemolysis. Reductions usually indicate iron deficiency.

MCHC g/dl 34.8 (31.4 - 39.1) Mean corpuscular haematological concentration:

Elevations occur with haemolysis. Reductions may indicate iron deficiency.

MCV fl 64 (57 - 79) Macrocytosis seen with regenerative anaemia. Microcytosis seen with iron deficiency.
WBC 109/l 10.2 (6.1 - 16.1) White blood cells. The total number of WBC is influenced by the numbers of neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, monocytes and basophils. Leucocytosis is seen with septic and non-septic inflammatory conditions. Leucopaenia can occur

during viral infection and severe leucopenia with acute bacterial infections.

NEU % 50.5 (28 - 78) Neutrophils. Neutrophilia can arise transiently due to exercise, excitement and stress. Elevations are seen with septic and non-septic inflammatory conditions and acute bacterial infections. Corticosteroids, exogenous and endogenous, also cause a neutrophilia. Neutropenia can occur during viral infections.
NEU T 109/l 5.0 (2.2 - 13.3) As above
EOS % 4 (1 - 10) Eosinophils. Eosinophilia may be seen as a result of parasitism, allergic respiratory disease and eosinophilic leukaemia. Eosinopaenia is hard to evaluate as the numbers of eosinophils in normal donkeys are low.
EOS T 109/l 0.38 (0.09 - 1.15) As above
BAS % 0 (0 - 0.8) Basophils. Basophilia is rare in donkeys.
BAS T 109/l 0 (0 - 0.5) As above
LYM % 43 (17 - 65) Lymphocytes. Lymphocytosis occurs in response to chronic viral infections, autoimmune disease and with excitement or exercise. Large elevations in lymphocyte numbers can be seen in lymphoma. Lymphopaenia occurs as a result of stress, exogenous corticosteroid administration, severe bacterial or viral infections, endotoxemia and immunodeficiency.
LYM T 109/l 4.2 (1.8 - 7.8) As above
MON % 1 (0 - 5) Monocytes. Monocytosis can occur as a result of chronic suppurative and granulomatous inflammation. It may also be seen during recovery from viral infections of the upper respiratory tract.
MON T 109/l 0.13 (0 - 0.8) As above
Platelets 109/l 5.5 (4 - 7.3) Thrombocytes. Thrombocytosis is rare but can occur in bacterial infections. Thrombocytopaenia may be seen in disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC), immunemediated thrombocytopenia, equine infectious anaemia (EIA), endotoxemia, equine ehrlichiosis, neoplasia, or as a result of severe haemorrhage. Artifactual reductions in platelet numbers can occur as a result of platelets clumping in EDTA.

Svendsen, E.D., Duncan, J. and Hadrill, D. (2008) The Professional Handbook of the Donkey, 4th edition, Whittet Books, Appendix 1

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