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*Indirect life cycle (intermediate hosts: black fly, ‘’Simulium’’ species and biting midge, [[Ceratopogonidae|‘’Culicoides’’ species]])
*Indirect life cycle (intermediate hosts: black fly, ‘’Simulium’’ species and biting midge, [[Ceratopogonidae|‘’Culicoides’’ species]])
*Little or no significance (UK); subcutaneous and intramuscular nodules may cause economic loss due to carcass trimming (overseas).[[Category:Filarioidea]]
*Little or no significance (UK); subcutaneous and intramuscular nodules may cause economic loss due to carcass trimming (overseas).[[Category:Filarioidea]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Parasites]]