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| ==[[Thrombosis]]== | | ==[[Thrombosis]]== |
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− | ==Thromboembolism== | + | ==[[Thromboembolism]]== |
− | [[Image:sarcoma embolus.jpg|right|thumb|125px|<small><center>'''Sarcoma embolus (dog)'''. Courtesy of T. Scase</center></small>]] | |
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− | ===Description===
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− | *As the name implies, a thromboembolism is a clot (thrombus) or foreign body that blocks vessels a distance away from its original site of origin.
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− | *The most significant sites of thromboembolic formation are the following: lungs, CNS, terminal aorta, kidneys.
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− | '''Requirements for thromboembolism formation:
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− | '''
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− | 1. Disruption of endothelial integrity
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− | 2. Disruption of flow
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− | 3. Disruption of blood haemostasis
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− | 4. Disruption of fibrinolysis
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− | '''The incidence of thromboembolism greatly increases with certain diseases including:
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− | '''
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− | -Heart Disease
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− | -Neoplasia
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− | -Blood Disorders
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− | -Parasitic Diseases
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− | -Hyperadrenocorticism
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− | ====Diagnosis====
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− | =====History & Clinical Signs=====
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− | '''5 P's:'''
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− | -Pain
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− | -Paresis
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− | -Pallor
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− | -Pulselessness
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− | -Polar (cold extremities)
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− | '''Long Term Effects:'''
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− | -Necrosis
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− | '''Specific Problems:'''
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− | *Signs are dependant on site of thromboembolism
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− | -Neurological problems (acute)
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− | -Renal Failure (acute)
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− | -Dyspnoea (acute)
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− | ====Laboratory Findings====
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− | *Heavily dependent on thromboembolic site
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− | -Hyperkalemia
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− | -Acidosis
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− | -Increased Lactate
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− | -Azotemia
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− | -Elevated serum creatine phospohokinase
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− | ====Radiography, Echocardiography, Angiography====
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− | -Clots may be seen by the above methods
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− | ===Treatment===
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− | -Treat underlying conditions
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− | -Pain Relief (e.g. morphine)
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− | -Support with IV fluids
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− | -Anticoagulants:
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− | 1. Heparin
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− | 2. Aspirin
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− | ===Prognosis===
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− | -Grave
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| ==Arteriovenous Fistula== | | ==Arteriovenous Fistula== |