Changes

==Description==

==Description==

'''Inguinal hernias''' occur when abdominal organs move into the inguinal canal where they may become [[Hernia|incarcerated]] or [[Hernia|strangulated]].  The herniated organs may be within the tunica vaginalis (an '''indirect hernia''') or they may be beside the tunic but within the inguinal canal (a '''direct hernia''').  In both cases, a true [[Hernia|hernial sac]] is formed by either the tunica vaginalis or parietal peritoneum, respectively.  '''Scrotal hernias''' occur in male animals when indirectly herniated organs pass along the tunica vaginalis to the level of the scrotum.  Organs in a scrotal hernia are much more likely to become strangulated.  The organs most commonly involved in the hernia are the omentum, small intestine, bladder and uterus and these may become incarcerated or strangulated within the relatively narrow inguinal canal.

'''Inguinal hernias''' occur when abdominal organs move into the inguinal canal where they may become [[Hernia|incarcerated]] or [[Hernia|strangulated]].  The herniated organs may be within the tunica vaginalis (an '''indirect hernia''') or they may be beside the tunica but within the inguinal canal (a '''direct hernia''').  In both cases, a true [[Hernia|hernial sac]] is formed by either the tunica vaginalis or parietal peritoneum, respectively.  '''Scrotal hernias''' occur in male animals when indirectly herniated organs pass along the tunica vaginalis to the level of the scrotum.  Organs in a scrotal hernia are much more likely to become strangulated.  The organs most commonly involved in the hernia are the omentum, small intestine, bladder and uterus and these may become incarcerated or strangulated within the relatively narrow inguinal canal.

==Signalment==

==Signalment==

In small animals, inguinal hernias may be '''congenital''' (often in male entire dogs) or '''acquired''' in older females.  West Higland white terriers, Pekingese and Cairn terriers are know to be predisposed to congenital hernias but it is not currently known whether the disease is heritable.  In male dogs, both testes have usually descended within a few weeks of birth but, if this descent is delayed, the inguinal canals are held open by the testes.  It is suggested that the widening of the canals increases the chance of another abdominal organ entering the canal and becoming incarcerated there.  These congenital inguinal hernias are therefore often associated with cryptorchidism and they may also occur with concurrent [[Umbilical Hernia|umbilical herniation]].   

In small animals, inguinal hernias may be '''congenital''' (often in male entire dogs) or '''acquired''', often in older females.  West Higland white terriers, Pekingese and Cairn terriers are known to be predisposed to congenital hernias but it is not currently known whether the disease is heritable.  In male dogs, both testes have usually descended within a few weeks of birth but, if this descent is delayed, the inguinal canals are held open by the testes.  It is suggested that the widening of the canals increases the chance of another abdominal organ entering the canal and becoming incarcerated there.  These congenital inguinal hernias are therefore often associated with [[Reproductive Male - Pathology|cryptorchidism]] and they may also occur with concurrent [[Umbilical Hernia|umbilical herniation]].   

Acquired hernias occur with any condition that causes the diameter of the inguinal canal to increase.  In pregnant bitches, it is suggested that hormones cause the inguinal rings to widen allowing abdominal organs (including the gravid uterus) to be herniated.  Fat may also be deposited in the canal in obese animals and this is thought to effectively hold the canal open.  Inguinal hernias may occur after blunt abdominal trauma, either due to an increase in intra-abdominal pressure or due to congenital weakness of the muscles forming the inguinal rings.   

Acquired hernias occur with any condition that causes the diameter of the inguinal canal to increase.  In pregnant bitches, it is suggested that hormones cause the inguinal rings to widen allowing abdominal organs (including the gravid uterus) to herniate.  Fat may also be deposited in the canal in obese animals and this is thought to effectively hold the canal open.  Inguinal hernias may occur after blunt abdominal trauma, either due to an increase in intra-abdominal pressure or due to congenital weakness of the muscles forming the inguinal rings.   

In horses, inguinal hernias occur most commonly after stallions have recently been castrated.  In this case, it is likely that the sudden removal of part of the mature spermatic cord provides more space in the inguinal canal for the herniation of abdominal organs.

In horses, inguinal hernias occur most commonly after stallions have recently been castrated.  In such cases, it is likely that the sudden removal of part of the mature spermatic cord provides more space in the inguinal canal for the herniation of abdominal organs.

==Diagnosis==

==Diagnosis==

===Clinical Signs===

===Clinical Signs===

In small animals, clinical signs are most likely to be noticed if small intestine becomes strangulated, causing:

In small animals, clinical signs are most likely to be noticed if part of the small intestine becomes strangulated, causing:

*'''Vomiting'''

*'''Vomiting'''

*'''Anorexia''', depression and lethargy

*'''Anorexia''', depression and lethargy

*Septic peritonitis may develop if the intestine ruptures

*Septic peritonitis may develop if the intestine ruptures

The hernia may be palpable in the inguinal region and over the scrotum of entire male dogs.  The hernia may be externally reducible, especially if the animal is in dorsal recumbency and the hind limbs and caudal abdomen are elevated.

The hernia may be palpable in the inguinal region and over the scrotum of male dogs.  The hernia may be externally reducible, especially if the animal is in dorsal recumbency and the hind limbs and caudal abdomen are elevated.

In horses, entrapment of the small intestine in the hernia may cause obstruction and/or strangulation.  Affected horses show signs of severe colic, including rolling, flank watching, belly kicking, flehmus, bruxism and scraping.  Rectal palpation will reveal the presence of multiple loops of distended small intestine (which feel similar to bicycle inner tubes) and intestine may be palpable within the scrotum.

In horses, entrapment of the small intestine in the hernia may cause obstruction and/or strangulation.  Affected horses show signs of severe colic, including rolling, flank watching, belly kicking, flehmus, bruxism and scraping.  Rectal palpation will reveal the presence of multiple loops of distended small intestine (which feel similar to bicycle inner tubes) and intestine may be palpable within the scrotum.  See [[Surgical Colic in the Horse|here]] for more details.

===Laboratory Tests===

===Laboratory Tests===

==Treatment==

==Treatment==

The condition should be managed surgically and, although the exact surgical approach and procedure may vary, the aim is to relocate the herniated organs to the abdomen and to partially close the inguinal canal(s) to prevent the condition from recurring.  An incision can be made directly over a simple unilateral inguinal hernia and the contents of the hernial sac milked back into the abdomen.  The sac may be twisted to empty it and the hernial ring extended if necessary.  In a female dog, the hernial sac is then amputated at its neck but in males this is not possible because the inguinal canal contains the spermatic cord.  Since castration is recommended (to prevent recurrence and because the condition may be heritable), the testes may be removed and the tunica vaginalis closed at the level of the internal inguinal ring.    

The condition should be managed surgically and, although the exact surgical approach and procedure may vary, the aim is to relocate the herniated organs to the abdomen and to completely or partially close the inguinal canal(s) to prevent the condition from recurring.  An incision can be made directly over a simple unilateral inguinal hernia and the contents of the hernial sac milked back into the abdomen.  The sac may be twisted to empty it and the hernial ring extended if necessary.  In a female dog, the hernial sac is then amputated at its neck but in males this is not possible because the inguinal canal contains the spermatic cord.  Since '''castration''' is recommended (to prevent recurrence and because the condition may be heritable), the testes may be removed and the tunica vaginalis closed at the level of the internal inguinal ring. A '''scrotal ablation''' may also be performed if this tissue is compromised.  If the testes are to be retained, the herniated organs are relocated to the abdomen as before and the hernial sac (which is the parietal tunica vaginalis) is partially closed with transfixing sutures.  Care should be taken not to compromise the neurovascular structures of the spermatic cord when these sutures are placed.  In female dogs in which bilateral inguinal herniation is suspected, a caudal midline coeliotomy may give access to both inguinal canals through a single incision.     

 

==Prognosis==

==Prognosis==

[[Category:To_Do_-_James]]

[[Category:To_Do_-_James]]

[[Category:Cat]][[Category:Dog]][[Category:Horse]]

[[Category:Cat]][[Category:Dog]][[Category:Horse]]