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| − | {{review}}
| + | #REDIRECT[[:Category:Respiratory Fungal Infections]] |
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| − | {{toplink
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| − | |backcolour = D1EEEE
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| − | |linkpage =Cardiorespiratory System - Pathology
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| − | |linktext =Cardiorespiratory System
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| − | |maplink = Cardiorespiratory System (Content Map) - Pathology
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| − | |pagetype =Pathology
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| − | |sublink1=Respiratory System Inflammation - Pathology
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| − | |subtext1=RESPIRATORY SYSTEM INFLAMMATION
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| − | }}
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| − | <br>
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| − | ===''Aspergillus fumigatus''===
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| − | [[Image:Aspergillus pneumonia of cattle.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Aspergillus hyphae in cattle lung (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
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| − | [[Image:Aspergillosis in nasal cavity.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Nasal aspergillosis (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
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| − | *[[Aspergillus spp.|''Aspergillus fumigatus'']]
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| − | *Most commonly in dogs but also other species
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| − | *Causes [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]], often also involves the [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of sinusitis|frontal sinus]]
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| − | *Chronic necrotising inflammation with friable exudate containing necrotic tissue and fungal hyphae
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| − | * Result in severe neutrophilic [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology|rhinitis]]/[[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology|sinusitis]]
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| − | *These lesions can be aggressive causing destruction of turbinates and nasal septum
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| − | *Can occur secondary to areas of mucosal compromise eg: adjacent to a space-occupying lesion
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| − | *Can cause pulmonary aspergillosis especially in '''birds''', but also other animals
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| − | **Initiated by inhalation of spores,the most likely source of which is mouldy feed and bedding
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| − | **Given the wide exposure that occurs, it is thought that immunodeficiency may contribute to colonisation with this organism
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| − | **Gross lesions :
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| − | ***Multiple discrete grey/ white nodules which develop around fungal colonies
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| − | ***Blood vessels can become involved in the lesions -> invasion, haemorrhage or thrombosis
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| − | **Histologically:
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| − | ***Granulomatous chronic lesions
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| − | ***Macrophages and epithelioid cells
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| − | ***Fibrous capsule
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| − | *In horses:
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| − | **[[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|Nasal aspergillosis]]
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| − | **[[Guttural Pouches Inflammatory - Pathology|Guttural pouch infections]] in horses - fungal plaques form on the adventitia of the carotid arteries can lead to catastrophic haemorrhage following erosion of carotid arteries!
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| − | **Often present with [[Respiratory System Clinical Signs - Pathology#Epistaxis|epistaxis]]
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| − | **May present with neurological dysfunction
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| − | **Rarely extends to other resions: cranium, middle ear, atlanto-occipital joint
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| − | **May extend to [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of sinusitis|sinuses]]
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| − | ===''Cryptococcus neoformans''===
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| − | *[[Yeast-like fungi|''Cryptococcus neoformans'']]
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| − | *Causes a [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|granulomatous rhinitis]], gelatinous exudate, [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Granulomatous pneumonia|granulomatous pneumonia]]
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| − | *Nodules or destructive masses which often result in facial swelling
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| − | *In severe cases, extension from nasal cavity to involve skin and oral mucosa can occur
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| − | *Can invade through adjacent structures, eg: through the cribiform plate into the brain! These cases therefore can present as a primary neurological disease.
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| − | *Microscopic:
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| − | **Large number of fungi and only few macrophages, lymphocytes and giant cells
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| − | ===Blastomycosis===
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| − | *Caused by [[Yeast-like fungi|''Blastomyces dermatitidis'']]
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| − | *Occurs mainly in the Americas, Middle East and Africa, occasionally in Europe
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| − | *Mainly in young dogs, occasionally other species
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| − | *Can involve almost any tissue after spread from lungs
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| − | *Gross lesions:
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| − | **[[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Granulomatous pneumonia|Granulomatous pneumonia]]
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| − | *Microscopic lesions:
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| − | **Yeast fungi with thich walls in nodules with macrophages, neutrophils and giant cells
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| − | ===Histoplasmosis===
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| − | *Caused by [[Yeast-like fungi|''Histoplasma capsulatum'']]
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| − | *Gross lesions in lungs:
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| − | **Firm encapsulated granulomas ([[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Granulomatous pneumonia|granulomatous pneumonia]])
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| − | *Microscopic lesions:
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| − | **Macrophages with inracytoplasmic yeasts
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| − | *Also in other tissues
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| − | ===[[Fungi|''Pneumocystis carinii'']]===
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| − | *Important cause of pneumonia in humans associated with immunodeficiency states
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| − | *It has been occasionally reported in young or immunosuppressed animals (e.g. Arabian foals with congenital immunodeficiency)
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| − | *Grossly:
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| − | **Diffuse [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Interstitial pneumonia|interstitial]] [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]]
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| − | **Patches of firmness or consolidation
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| − | *Histologically:
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| − | **Alveoli are filled with pale staining acidophilic material (= trophozoite and cyst forms of the organism)
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| − | *It is thought that as P. carinii is often present as a latent infection, alveolar macrophages normally control the organism - a process which fails in immunodeficient states
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