Difference between revisions of "Respiratory Parasitic Infections - Pathology"

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#REDIRECT[[:Category:Respiratory Parasitic Infections]]
 
 
{{toplink
 
|backcolour = D1EEEE
 
|linkpage =Cardiorespiratory System - Pathology
 
|linktext =Cardiorespiratory System
 
|maplink = Cardiorespiratory System (Content Map) - Pathology
 
|pagetype =Pathology
 
|sublink1=Respiratory System Inflammation - Pathology
 
|subtext1=RESPIRATORY SYSTEM INFLAMMATION
 
}}
 
<br>
 
==In Dogs==
 
 
 
 
 
==='''''[[Filaroides osleri]]'''''===
 
 
 
 
 
===''[[Linguatula serrata]]''===
 
 
 
 
 
===''[[Angiostrongylus vasorum]]''===
 
 
 
 
 
===''[[Dirofilaria immitis]]''===
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
===[[Capillaria|''Capillaria aerophila'']]===
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
===[[Toxoplasmosis]]===
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
===''[[Crenosoma vulpis]]''===
 
 
 
 
 
==In Cats==
 
 
 
===[[Crustacea|''Linguatula serrata'']]===
 
*As in dogs above
 
 
 
===''[[Aelurostrongylus abstrusus]]''===
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
===[[Filarioidea|''Dirofilaria immitis'']]===
 
 
 
 
 
===[[Trichinelloidea|''Capillaria aerophila'']]===
 
*As in dogs above
 
 
 
==In Horses==
 
 
 
===''[[Parascaris equorum]]''===
 
 
 
 
 
===''[[Dictyocaulus arnfieldi]]''===
 
 
 
 
 
===[[Coccidia|''Besnoitia bennetti'']]===
 
 
 
==In Cattle==
 
 
 
===[[Trichostrongyloidea|''Dictyocaulus viviparus'']]===
 
[[Image:Dictyocaulus viviparus.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Dictyocaulus viviparus (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
 
[[Image:Parasitic bronchitis.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Parasitic bronchitis (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
 
*Found in [[Trachea Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of tracheitis|trachea]] and [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|large bronchi]]
 
*Causes parasitic bronchitis, synonyms: bovine dictyocauliosis, husk, hoose
 
*Primary infection:
 
**Penetration phase (week 1)
 
***Larvae migrate to lungs, no clinical signs
 
**Prepatent phase (weeks 1-3)
 
***Development and migration of larvae -> [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Bronchiolitis|bronchiolitis]] -> eosinophilic exudate -> air passage blocked -> alveolar collapse (distal to blockage) -> clinical signs (tachypnoea, coughing)
 
**Patent phase (weeks 4-8)
 
***Egg-producing mature worms
 
***[[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Bronchitis|Bronchitis]] - due to mature worms
 
***[[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Verminous pneumonia|Parasitic pneumonia]] - due to aspiration of eggs and larvae -> cellular infiltration of [[Neutrophils|neutrophils]], macrophages, giant cells
 
**Postpatent phase (weeks 8-12)
 
***Majority of worms are expelled
 
***In 25% of cases clinical signs may reappear as a result of alveolar epithelialisation
 
***May be together with [[Lungs Ventilation - Pathology#Emphysema|interstitial emphysema]] and [[Lungs Circulatory - Pathology#Pulmonary oedema|pulmonary oedema]], or secondary bacterial infection
 
*Reinfection syndrome:
 
**Immune cattle show clinical signs only if exposed to large numbers
 
**Pathogenesis - large numbers of larvae reach bronchioles where they are killed by immune response
 
**Pathology - parasite granulomata (grey-green, 5mm diameter, macrophages, giant cells, eosinophils) and eosinophilic plugs in bronchioles
 
<small>Above from RVC Parasitology study guide (2005-2006)</small>
 
*Preferentially in dorsocaudaland ventrocaudal regions
 
 
 
*Histologically
 
**Bronchial epithelium may show hyperplasia due to the chronic irritation
 
**Cross-sections of the parasites
 
**Exudate contains many eosinophils
 
**Foci of necrosis in the rest of the lung tissue due to aspiration of eggs and larvae fromhese adults
 
**In mild infestations, the adults are normally expelled in two months - self cure
 
*Repeated infestation and secondary bacterial infection are common
 
 
 
*Two other types of lesion in lung tissue due to this worm have been reported:
 
**Nodules (2-4mm in diameter) with greenish centres in the reinfection of an immune animal - the host mounting a successful defence and preventing larval migration
 
**Pulmonary oedema and emphysema - thought to be a hypersensitivity response to a massive invasion of larvae in previously- sensitised animals - the gross and microscopic appearance is similar to that of [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Acute bovine pulmonary emphysema and oedema (ABPEE)|fog fever]]
 
 
 
===Hydatid cysts===
 
[[Image:Echinococcus cysts.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Echinococcus cysts (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
 
 
 
*The intermediate stage of [[Cestodes|''Echinococcus granulosus'']] can be found in the lungs of many species, most commonly in lungs of cattle and sheep
 
*They range in size up to 5-10 cm diameter and although of little clinical significance, are important as a zoonosis (can be upto football size in man) and because of carcass condemnation
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
===[[Strongyloidea|''Syngamus laryngeus'']]===
 
 
 
*In [[Larynx Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of laryngitis|larynx]] of cattle in Asia and South America
 
 
 
==In Sheep==
 
 
 
===Hydatid cysts===
 
 
 
As in cattle (above)
 
 
 
===[[Insecta|''Oestrus ovis'']]===
 
*Larvae in the [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|nasal cavity]] of sheep and goats = Nasal bots
 
*Causes reaction in [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology#Sinusitis|sinuses]]
 
[[Media:Oestrus ovis.mp4]]
 
 
 
===[[Metastrongyloidae|''Protostrongylus'' spp.]]===
 
*Adult worms block small [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchioles]] resulting in accumulation of eggs, larvae and cellular debri distal to the blockage
 
*Lesions resemble [[Respiratory Parasitic Infections - Pathology#Dictyocaulus filaria|''Dictyocaulus filaria'']] but are fewer in numbers, lobular and at periphery of caudal lobes, they are very similar to [[Respiratory Parasitic Infections - Pathology#Muellerius capillaris|''Muellerius capillaris'']] lesions
 
 
 
===[[Metastrongyloidae|''Muellerius capillaris'']]===
 
 
 
*Common in sheep and goats
 
*Rarely any clinical significance
 
*Grossly:
 
**Multifocal [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Interstitial pneumonia|interstitial]] [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] grossly evident as firm "lead-shot" nodules throughout the parenchyma, often with enveloping granulomatous response
 
**Early stages are reddish in colour, turning later to greyish green, may calcify
 
**Mostly in dorsal region of caudal lung lobes
 
*Histologically:
 
**Damaged alveolar septa with mild fibrous thickening and lymphocytic infiltrate
 
**In more developed host resistance, foci of eosinophils around larvae, hyperplastic epithelium, macrophages, giant cells
 
**May be some calcification
 
 
 
===[[Trichostrongyloidea|''Dictyocaulus filaria'']]===
 
 
 
*Most susceptible when first exposed to contaminated pasture
 
*Animals < 1 year old
 
*Pathogenesis and pathology similar to [[Respiratory Parasitic Infections - Pathology#Dictyocaulus viviparus|''Dictyocaulus viviparus'']] in cattle
 
*[[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|Bronchitis]]
 
 
 
==In Pigs==
 
 
 
===[[Metastrongyloidae|''Metastrongylus'' spp.]]===
 
 
 
*Found in [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchioles and smaller bronchi]]
 
*Grossly:
 
**Small grey nodules, especially along ventral border of caudal lobes
 
**Adult worms in bronchi and bronchioles
 
*Histologically:
 
**Catarrhal and eosinophilic bronchitis and bronchiolitis
 
**Possibly [[Lungs Ventilation - Pathology#Atelectasis (Collapse)|atelectasis]]
 
*Rarely becomes extensive
 
*May transmit [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Swine influenza|swine influenza]]
 
 
 
===[[Ascaris suum|''Ascaris suum'']]===
 
 
 
*May cause [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Verminous pneumonia|parasitic pneumonia]] during a part of its migration
 
*Larvae may be infected with [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Swine influenza|Swine influenza]]
 
*May cause severe pneumonia in calves housed where infected pigs were housed previously
 
*Cause diffuse [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Interstitial pneumonia|interstitial pneumonia]] with haemorrhage, [[Lungs Ventilation - Pathology#Atelectasis (Collapse)|atelectasis]], [[Lungs Circulatory - Pathology#Pulmonary oedema|interlobular oedema]] and [[Lungs Ventilation - Pathology#Emphysema|emphysema]]
 

Latest revision as of 11:11, 20 July 2010