Changes

===NSAIDs===

===NSAIDs===

As in [[Gastric Ulceration - all species|other species]], nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been shown to cause gastric ulcers in horses. Typicaly this is associated with high doses or frequent administration of phenylbutazone or flunixin meglumine.  However, although there is evidence to the contrary,<ref>Andrews, F.M, Reinemeyer, C.R, Longhofer, S.L (2009) Effects of top-dress formulations of suxibuzone and phenylbutazone on development of gastric ulcers in horses. ''Vet Ther'', 10(3):113-20.</ref>therapeutic doses of NSAIDs may be sufficient to induce EGUS.  Other studies have suggested that suxibuzone causes significantly less ulcerogenic effects than phenylbutazone when administered orally<ref>Monreal, L, Sabatè, D, Segura, D, Mayós, I, Homedes, J (2004) Lower gastric ulcerogenic effect of suxibuzone compared to phenylbutazone when administered orally to horses.  ''Res Vet Sci'', 76:145-149.  In: and that combination treatment with phenylbutazone and flunixin meglumine may be more risky than phenylbutazone alone.<ref>Reed, S.K, Messer, N.T, Tessman, R.K, Keegan, K.G (2006) Effects of phenylbutazone alone or in combination with flunixin meglumine on blood protein concentrations in horses.  ''Am J Vet Res'', 67:398-402.  In:  The ulcers produced by NSAIDs are unusual in that they have a predilection for the glandular mucosa<ref>MacAllister, C.G, Morgan, S.J, Borne, A.T, Pollet, R.A, (1993) Comparison of adverse effects of phenylbutazone, flunixin meglumine, and ketoprofen in horses.  ''J Am Vet Med Ass'', 202:71-77.  In: Jonsson, H, Egenvall, A (2006) Prevalence of gastric ulceration in Swedish Standardbreds in race training.  ''Equine Vet J'', 38(3):209-213.</ref><ref>Furr, M.O, Murray, M.J (1989) Treatment of gastric ulcers in horses with histamine type 2 receptor antagonists.  ''Equine Vet J Suppl'', 7:77-79.  In: Vatistas, N.J, Sifferman, R.L, Holste, J, Cox, J.L, Pinalto, G, Schultz, K.T (1999) Induction and maintenance of gastric ulceration in horses in simulated race training.  ''Equine Vet J Suppl'', 29:40-44</ref><ref>Kumaran, D, Bhuvanakumar, C.K (1994) Gastro duodenal ulceration in foals - a discussion.  ''Cenfaur Mylapore'', 10:83-86. In: Vatistas, N.J, Sifferman, R.L, Holste, J, Cox, J.L, Pinalto, G, Schultz, K.T (1999) Induction and maintenance of gastric ulceration in horses in simulated race training.  ''Equine Vet J Suppl'', 29:40-44</ref>, they may look different endoscopically from ulcers that occur naturally,<ref name="Jonsson">Jonsson, H, Egenvall, A (2006) Prevalence of gastric ulceration in Swedish Standardbreds in race training.  ''Equine Vet J'', 38(3):209-213.</ref> and they appear to heal spontaneously.<ref>Jones, W.E (1983) Gastrointestinal ulcers [foal].  ''Equine Vet Data'', 4:305-308.  In: Vatistas, N.J, Sifferman, R.L, Holste, J, Cox, J.L, Pinalto, G, Schultz, K.T (1999) Induction and maintenance of gastric ulceration in horses in simulated race training.  ''Equine Vet J Suppl'', 29:40-44</ref><ref>MacAllister, C.G, Sangiah, S (1993) Effect of ranitidine (in healing of experimentally induced gastric ulcers in ponies.  ''Am J Vet Res'', 54:1103-1107.  In: Vatistas, N.J, Sifferman, R.L, Holste, J, Cox, J.L, Pinalto, G, Schultz, K.T (1999) Induction and maintenance of gastric ulceration in horses in simulated race training.  ''Equine Vet J Suppl'', 29:40-44</ref> Despite the well-established link bewteen NSAIDs and ulcers, NSAIDs are rarely responsible for the lesions in horses in race training.<ref>Vatistas N.J, Snyder, J.R, Carlson, G.P, Johnson, B, Arther, R.M, Thurmiind, M, Lloyd, K.C.K (1994) Epidemiology study of gastric ulcerarion in the Thoroughbred race horse: 202 horses.  ''Proc Am Ass Equine Pract'', 39:125-126.  In: Vatistas, N.J, Sifferman, R.L, Holste, J, Cox, J.L, Pinalto, G, Schultz, K.T (1999) Induction and maintenance of gastric ulceration in horses in simulated race training.  ''Equine Vet J Suppl'', 29:40-44</ref><ref>Murray, M.J, Schusser, G.F, Pipers, F.S, Gro:ss, S.J (1996) Factors associated with gastric lesions in Thoroughbred racehorses.  ''Equine Vet J'', 28:368-374.  In: Vatistas, N.J, Sifferman, R.L, Holste, J, Cox, J.L, Pinalto, G, Schultz, K.T (1999) Induction and maintenance of gastric ulceration in horses in simulated race training.  ''Equine Vet J Suppl'', 29:40-44</ref><ref name="Vatistas thesis">Vatistas, N.J (1998) Gastric Ulceration in the Racing Thoroughbred.  ''PhD Thesis''.  In: Vatistas, N.J, Sifferman, R.L, Holste, J, Cox, J.L, Pinalto, G, Schultz, K.T (1999) Induction and maintenance of gastric ulceration in horses in simulated race training.  ''Equine Vet J Suppl'', 29:40-44</ref>

As in [[Gastric Ulceration - all species|other species]], nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been shown to cause gastric ulcers in horses. Typicaly this is associated with high doses or frequent administration of phenylbutazone or flunixin meglumine.  However, although there is evidence to the contrary,<ref>Andrews, F.M, Reinemeyer, C.R, Longhofer, S.L (2009) Effects of top-dress formulations of suxibuzone and phenylbutazone on development of gastric ulcers in horses. ''Vet Ther'', 10(3):113-20.</ref>therapeutic doses of NSAIDs may be sufficient to induce EGUS.  Other studies have suggested that suxibuzone causes significantly less ulcerogenic effects than phenylbutazone when administered orally<ref>Monreal, L, Sabatè, D, Segura, D, Mayós, I, Homedes, J (2004) Lower gastric ulcerogenic effect of suxibuzone compared to phenylbutazone when administered orally to horses.  ''Res Vet Sci'', 76:145-149.  In: Nadeau, J.A, Andrews, F.M (2009) ''Science: Overviews'' Equine gastric ulcer syndrome: The continuing conundrum.  ''Equine Vet J'', 41(7):611-615.</ref>and that combination treatment with phenylbutazone and flunixin meglumine may be more risky than phenylbutazone alone.<ref>Reed, S.K, Messer, N.T, Tessman, R.K, Keegan, K.G (2006) Effects of phenylbutazone alone or in combination with flunixin meglumine on blood protein concentrations in horses.  ''Am J Vet Res'', 67:398-402.  In: Nadeau, J.A, Andrews, F.M (2009) ''Science: Overviews'' Equine gastric ulcer syndrome: The continuing conundrum. ''Equine Vet J'', 41(7):611-615.</ref> The ulcers produced by NSAIDs are unusual in that they have a predilection for the glandular mucosa<ref>MacAllister, C.G, Morgan, S.J, Borne, A.T, Pollet, R.A, (1993) Comparison of adverse effects of phenylbutazone, flunixin meglumine, and ketoprofen in horses.  ''J Am Vet Med Ass'', 202:71-77.  In: Jonsson, H, Egenvall, A (2006) Prevalence of gastric ulceration in Swedish Standardbreds in race training.  ''Equine Vet J'', 38(3):209-213.</ref><ref>Furr, M.O, Murray, M.J (1989) Treatment of gastric ulcers in horses with histamine type 2 receptor antagonists.  ''Equine Vet J Suppl'', 7:77-79.  In: Vatistas, N.J, Sifferman, R.L, Holste, J, Cox, J.L, Pinalto, G, Schultz, K.T (1999) Induction and maintenance of gastric ulceration in horses in simulated race training.  ''Equine Vet J Suppl'', 29:40-44</ref><ref>Kumaran, D, Bhuvanakumar, C.K (1994) Gastro duodenal ulceration in foals - a discussion.  ''Cenfaur Mylapore'', 10:83-86. In: Vatistas, N.J, Sifferman, R.L, Holste, J, Cox, J.L, Pinalto, G, Schultz, K.T (1999) Induction and maintenance of gastric ulceration in horses in simulated race training.  ''Equine Vet J Suppl'', 29:40-44</ref>, they may look different endoscopically from ulcers that occur naturally,<ref name="Jonsson">Jonsson, H, Egenvall, A (2006) Prevalence of gastric ulceration in Swedish Standardbreds in race training.  ''Equine Vet J'', 38(3):209-213.</ref> and they appear to heal spontaneously.<ref>Jones, W.E (1983) Gastrointestinal ulcers [foal].  ''Equine Vet Data'', 4:305-308.  In: Vatistas, N.J, Sifferman, R.L, Holste, J, Cox, J.L, Pinalto, G, Schultz, K.T (1999) Induction and maintenance of gastric ulceration in horses in simulated race training.  ''Equine Vet J Suppl'', 29:40-44</ref><ref>MacAllister, C.G, Sangiah, S (1993) Effect of ranitidine (in healing of experimentally induced gastric ulcers in ponies.  ''Am J Vet Res'', 54:1103-1107.  In: Vatistas, N.J, Sifferman, R.L, Holste, J, Cox, J.L, Pinalto, G, Schultz, K.T (1999) Induction and maintenance of gastric ulceration in horses in simulated race training.  ''Equine Vet J Suppl'', 29:40-44</ref> Despite the well-established link bewteen NSAIDs and ulcers, NSAIDs are rarely responsible for the lesions in horses in race training.<ref>Vatistas N.J, Snyder, J.R, Carlson, G.P, Johnson, B, Arther, R.M, Thurmiind, M, Lloyd, K.C.K (1994) Epidemiology study of gastric ulcerarion in the Thoroughbred race horse: 202 horses.  ''Proc Am Ass Equine Pract'', 39:125-126.  In: Vatistas, N.J, Sifferman, R.L, Holste, J, Cox, J.L, Pinalto, G, Schultz, K.T (1999) Induction and maintenance of gastric ulceration in horses in simulated race training.  ''Equine Vet J Suppl'', 29:40-44</ref><ref>Murray, M.J, Schusser, G.F, Pipers, F.S, Gro:ss, S.J (1996) Factors associated with gastric lesions in Thoroughbred racehorses.  ''Equine Vet J'', 28:368-374.  In: Vatistas, N.J, Sifferman, R.L, Holste, J, Cox, J.L, Pinalto, G, Schultz, K.T (1999) Induction and maintenance of gastric ulceration in horses in simulated race training.  ''Equine Vet J Suppl'', 29:40-44</ref><ref name="Vatistas thesis">Vatistas, N.J (1998) Gastric Ulceration in the Racing Thoroughbred.  ''PhD Thesis''.  In: Vatistas, N.J, Sifferman, R.L, Holste, J, Cox, J.L, Pinalto, G, Schultz, K.T (1999) Induction and maintenance of gastric ulceration in horses in simulated race training.  ''Equine Vet J Suppl'', 29:40-44</ref>

===Temperament===

===Temperament===