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− | {{review}}
| + | #REDIRECT[[:Category:Immunodeficiencies]] |
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− | {{toplink
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− | |linkpage =Immunology - WikiBlood
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− | |linktext =IMMUNOLOGY
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− | |thispagemap= Immunodeficiencies(Concept Map) - WikiBlood
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− | |pagetype =Blood
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− | }}
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− | ==Introduction==
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− | [[Image:Immunodeficiencies Map.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Immunodeficiency Diagram - Copyright nabrown RVC]]
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− | Like any system in the body the immune system can go wrong. [[Autoimmune diseases - WikiClinical|Autoimmunity]] is when the immune system begins to attack itself. Immunodeficiency is when the immune system fails to protect itself from disease.
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− | If the immunodeficient defect is present at birth and is therefore a result of a genetic or developmental abnormality, it is called a primary immunodeficiency.
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− | Secondary immunodeficiency, sometimes called acquired immunodeficiency, is the loss of immune function during life, caused by exposure to harmful agents.
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− | Immunodeficiencies can be treated by the replacement of the defective or missing protein, cells or gene. However, in veterinary medicine, [[Vaccines - WikiBlood|vaccinations]] and drugs are the most common treatments for immunodeficiency.
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− | ==Primary Immunodeficiency==
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− | *Primary immunodeficiencies may affect either the [[Innate Immune System - WikiBlood|innate immune system]] or the [[Adaptive Immune System - WikiBlood|adaptive immune system]]
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− | *They are categorised by either the type or the developmental stage of the cells involved
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− | *Lymphoid cell disorders affect [[Lymphocytes - WikiBlood#T cells|T cells]] or [[Lymphocytes - WikiBlood#B cells|B cells]] (or both)
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− | *Myeloid cell disorders affect phagocytic function
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− | *The severity of the immunodeficiency depends on at which stage in development the problem occurs
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− | **E.g. Defects early on in development will affect the entire immune system
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− | *[[Lymphocytes - WikiBlood#T cells|T cell]] deficiencies can affect both the cell-mediated and humoral response as [[Lymphocytes - WikiBlood#T cells|T cells]] play a central role in the immune system
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− | ===Deficiencies of Innate Immunity===
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− | [[Image:Grey Collie Syndrome.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Appearance of a puppy with Grey Collie syndrome - Copyright Michelle Tennis & Peggy Melton]]
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− | ====Canine Cyclic Haematopoiesis====
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− | *Also called '''Grey Collie Syndrome'''
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− | *Autosomal recessive
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− | *Insertion mutation in AP3B1 gene
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− | *Diluted grey coat colour, stunted growth, poor wound healing
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− | *Neutropenia every 2 weeks which lasts 3-4 days due to cyclic production of cells from [[Bone Marrow - Anatomy & Physiology|bone marrow]]
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− | *Animals are prone to recurrent infections, mainly from the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract
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− | **E.g. pyrexia, [[Intestine Diarrhoea - Pathology|diarrhoea]], gingivitis and arthritis
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− | *Puppies can be distinguished from other litter mates by the diluted grey colouring
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− | *Affected puppies show symptoms such as fever, joint pain and eye, skin and respiratory infections from 8 weeks of age
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− | *Affected animals rarely live beyond 2-3 years with most puppies dying within a few weeks of birth
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− | ====Canine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (CLAD)====
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− | *Occurs in Irish Setters
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− | *Missence mutation of -Cys-36-Ser- in CD18 molecule
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− | **CD18 is required for [[Neutrophils - WikiBlood|neutrophil]] migration and phagocytosis
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− | *Recurrent bacterial infection
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− | *Neutrophilia ([[Neutrophils - WikiBlood|neutrophils]] remain in the blood and are unable to fight infection in the tissue)
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− | ====Bovine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (BLAD)====
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− | *Occurs in Holstein cattle
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− | *Missence mutation of -Asp-128-Gly in CD18 molecule
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− | *Recurrent infection, e.g. pneumonia
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− | ===Deficiencies of Adaptive Immunity===
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− | ====Equine Severe Combined Immune Deficiency (Equine SCID)====
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− | *Autosomal recessive
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− | *Occurs in 2-3% of Arabian foals
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− | *Defect in DNA-dependent protein kinase gene
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− | **Gene codes for a DNA repair enzyme involved in V(D)J recombination for antigen receptors of [[Lymphocytes - WikiBlood|lymphocytes]] (e.g. Ig and TCR)
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− | *No functional [[Lymphocytes - WikiBlood#B cells|B cells]] or [[Lymphocytes - WikiBlood#T cells|T cells]]
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− | *Foals develop infections (usually aorund 8 weeks of age as maternal [[Immunoglobulins - WikiBlood|antibody]] in [[Materno-fetal immunity - WikiBlood#Passive transfer via colostrum|colostrum]] wanes around this time)
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− | *Foals usually die from bronchopneumonia
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− | ====Canine X-Linked Severe Combined Immune Deficiency (Canine SCID)====
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− | *Affects Basset Hounds and Corgis
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− | *X-linked recessive defect in the gene conding for the IL-2 receptor
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− | **IL-2 receptor is a receptor for the cytokine IL-2 which causes [[Lymphocytes - WikiBlood#T cells|T cells]] to proliferate
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− | *Causes lymphoid hypoplasia, stunted growth and increases the animal's susceptibility to infection
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− | *Animal usually dies from pneumonia or sepsis as the level of maternal [[Immunoglobulins - WikiBlood|antibody]] decreases
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− | ====Selective IgA deficiency of German Shepherd Dogs====
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− | *Poorly understood
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− | *Linked to other disease syndromes such as deep pyoderma, inflammatory bowel disease, anal furunculosis and disseminated aspergillosis
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− | *[[Immunoglobulin A - WikiBlood|IgA]] deficiency so more susceptible to mucosal disease
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− | ====Immunodeficiency of Weimaraners, Irish Wolfhounds and Miniature Dachshunds====
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− | *Unknown aetiology
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− | *Inherited defects
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− | *Low levels of circulating [[Immunoglobulin M - WikiBlood|IgM]] and [[Immunoglobulin G - WikiBlood|IgG]]
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− | *Impaired [[Neutrophils - WikiBlood|neutrophil]] function
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− | *Causes recurrent pyrexia and infections
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− | **E.g. Rhinitis and bronchopneumonia in Irish Wolfhounds due to low [[Immunoglobulin A - WikiBlood|IgA]]
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− | **E.g. Pneumocytosis in Miniature Dachshunds due to low [[Immunoglobulin G - WikiBlood|IgG]]
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− | ===Labatory Examples of Severe Combined Deficiency===
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− | [[Image:Nude Mouse.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Nude Mouse - Copyright Michigan State University- Carcinogenesis Laboratory]]
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− | *Severe Combined Immune Deficiency(SCID)
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− | **No functional [[Lymphocytes - WikiBlood#B cells|B cells]] or [[Lymphocytes - WikiBlood#T cells|T cells]]
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− | *Athymic nude mice (no [[Thymus - Anatomy & Physiology|thymus]])
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− | **No functional [[Lymphocytes - WikiBlood#T cells|T cells]]
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− | **Cell-mediated immunodeficiency
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− | *Knock-out mice
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− | **E.g. Gene coding for CD4, CD8, IL-10 removed
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− | ==Secondary Immunodeficiency==
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− | *There are many causes of secondary immunodeficiency
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− | **Most deficiencies are not genetic
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− | **Most are agent-induced, such as from X-ray radiation and immunosuppressive drugs
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− | ===Viral Causes===
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− | ====Feline Leukaemia Virus (FeLV)====
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− | [[Image:FeLV Electron Micrograph.jpg|thumb|right|150px|FeLV Electron Micrograph [http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp Public Health Image Library] Image #5610]]
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− | [[Image:Kinetics of FeLV 2.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Kinetics of FeLV - Copyright Dr Brian Catchpole BVetMed PhD MRCVS]]
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− | *Oncogenic retrovirus
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− | *Causes neoplasia (lymphoma), myelosuppression (anaemia) and immunosuppression (of [[Lymphocytes - WikiBlood#T cells|T cells]])
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− | *2 strains:
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− | **FeLV-A
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− | ***Natural strain
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− | **FeLV-B
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− | ***Formed through FeLV-A recombining with endogenous retroviral sequences in the feline genome
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− | ***Increases the risks of lymphoma
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− | **FeLV-C
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− | ***Formed from the spontaneous mutation of FeLV-A
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− | ***Is more myelosuppressive
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− | *Virus replicates in the oropharyngeal lymphoid tissue causing a viraemia (virus circulating in the bloodstream) which then spreads to the systemic lymphoid tissue
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− | *Shed in saliva
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− | *Passed by oronasal route, e.g. mutual grooming
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− | *Kittens between 6 weeks and 6 months are most susceptible
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− | *60% of cats will become immune to the disease and recover
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− | *Cats that are persistantly viraemic will progress to develop FeLV-associated diseases
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− | *Some cats will become viraemic again if treated with corticosteroids or stressed if the infection lies dormant in the [[Bone Marrow - Anatomy & Physiology|bone marrow]]
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− | *Diagnosis:
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− | **ELISA
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− | **Rapid-Immuno-Migration
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− | **Western Blot
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− | **Virus Isolation
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− | **Immunofluorescence
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− | **PCR
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− | *Treatment:
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− | **Antibiotics for secondary infection
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− | **Anti-retroviral therapy
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− | *For vaccinations see [[Vaccines - WikiBlood#Cat Vaccinations|here]]
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− | ====Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)====
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− | *Lentivirus
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− | *Subtypes A, B and D
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− | *Causes increased suscepitbilty to infections and neoplasia
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− | *Specifically destroys [[Lymphocytes - WikiBlood#Helper CD4+|CD4+ T cells]]
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− | *Virus is present in saliva, blood and other bodily fluids
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− | *Feral and outdoor cats (mostly tom cats) are most at risk
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− | *Virus replicates in lymphoid tissue
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− | *Can remain asymptomatic
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− | *Causes pyrexia and lymphadenopathy
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− | *Transmitted by biting
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− | *Diagnosis:
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− | **ELISA
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− | **Rapid-Immuno-Migration
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− | **Western Blot
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− | **Virus Isolation
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− | **Immunofluorescence
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− | **PCR
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− | *Treatment:
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− | **Antibiotics for secondary infection
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− | **Anti-retroviral therapy
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− | *For vaccinations see [[Vaccines - WikiBlood#Cat Vaccinations|here]]
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− | ====Bovine Immunodeficiency Virus (BIV)====
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− | *Lentivirus (non-oncogenic)
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− | *Causes a persistent viral infection and lymphocytosis
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− | *Immunocompromised cattle may develop secondary infections
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− | *The tranmission is not well known, but the following possibilities are being researched:
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− | **Through milk
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− | **Through infected semen (e.g.artificial insemination)
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− | **Placental transfer
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− | *Diagnosis:
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− | **Western Blot
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− | **PCR
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− | ===Toxic Causes===
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− | *Poisons
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− | ===Iatrogenic Causes===
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− | *Drugs
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− | **Corticosteroids
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− | **Ciclosporin
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− | **Cytoxic cancer therapy
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− | ===Other Causes===
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− | *Malnutrition
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− | *Chronic disease
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− | *Stress
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− | *Senescence
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− | ==Links==
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− | '''Internal'''
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− | *[[Viruses|Viruses - WikiBugs]]
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− | *[[Innate Immune System - WikiBlood]]
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− | *[[Adaptive Immune System - WikiBlood]]
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− | '''External'''
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− | *[http://www.bitoheavencollies.com/GrayCollie.html| Grey Collie Syndrome] ''Information on Canine Cyclic Haematopoeisis (Grey Collie Syndrome) including new research into treating the condition and a clinical example''
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− | *[http://carcino.com.msu.edu//mouse.html| Nude Mice] ''Information on nude mice and their role in cancer research''
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− | ==[[Immunodeficiencies Flashcards - WikiBlood|Immunodeficiencies Flashcards]]==
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− | ==References==
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− | '''Books'''
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− | *Ivan Roitt: '''Essential Immunology,''' Ninth edition
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− | *Goldsby, Kindt, & Osbourne '''KUBY Immunology,''' Fourth edition
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− | '''Lecture Notes'''
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− | *Dr Brian Catchpole BVetMed PhD MRCVS
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− | '''Websites'''
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− | *Michelle Tennis & Peggy Melton http://www.bitoheavencollies.com
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− | *http://carcino.com.msu.edu/mouse.html
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− | ==Creators==
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− | [[Natalie Brown]]
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