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Current best practice aspects of sedation in donkeys are described in detail in [[Anaesthesia and Sedation - Donkey|Anaesthesia and Sedation]]. A brief outline of the pharmacology of some of the agents used commonly in donkeys for sedation and analgesia is given below. These agents should never be administered without appropriate preanaesthetic evaluation and preparation and adequate monitoring is essential (Matthews and Van Dijk, 2004).

Current best practice aspects of sedation in donkeys are described in detail in [[Anaesthesia and Sedation - Donkey|Anaesthesia and Sedation]]. A brief outline of the pharmacology of some of the agents used commonly in donkeys for sedation and analgesia is given below. These agents should never be administered without appropriate preanaesthetic evaluation and preparation and adequate monitoring is essential (Matthews and Van Dijk, 2004).

The phenothiazines are also antagonists at α1 adrenergic receptors, histamine H1 receptors, muscarinic cholinergic receptors and serotonin 5-HT2 receptors, explaining a number of prominent '''side effects''', including decreased hematocrit (α1 adrenoceptors in the splenic capsule), decreased total peripheral resistance (hypotension, α1 adrenoceptors in the vasculature) and penile prolapse (priapism). Hypotension can be profound, particularly in animals with high levels of circulating catecholamines (stress).

The phenothiazines are also antagonists at α1 adrenergic receptors, histamine H1 receptors, muscarinic cholinergic receptors and serotonin 5-HT2 receptors, explaining a number of prominent '''side effects''', including decreased hematocrit (α1 adrenoceptors in the splenic capsule), decreased total peripheral resistance (hypotension, α1 adrenoceptors in the vasculature) and penile prolapse (priapism). Hypotension can be profound, particularly in animals with high levels of circulating catecholamines (stress).

'''ACP does NOT produce analgesia''' and has a relatively long duration and relatively slow onset of effect, e.g. 20 to 30 minutes. ACP should be used with caution in male donkeys (priapism) and in animals with impaired hepatic function (potentially prolonged effects). ACP should not be used in breeding stallions. '''The neuroleptanalgesic combination of ACP with the potent opioid analgesic etorphine should NOT be used in donkeys.'''

'''ACP does NOT produce analgesia''' and has a relatively long duration and relatively slow onset of effect, ''e.g.'' 20 to 30 minutes. ACP should be used with caution in male donkeys (priapism) and in animals with impaired hepatic function (potentially prolonged effects). ACP should not be used in breeding stallions. '''The neuroleptanalgesic combination of ACP with the potent opioid analgesic etorphine should NOT be used in donkeys.'''

==[[Benzodiazepines|Diazepam]]==

==[[Benzodiazepines|Diazepam]]==

These agents are '''highly protein-bound''' and should be used with care in hypoalbuminemia and concomitantly with other highly protein-bound drugs. Benzodiazepines should also be used with caution in animals with impaired hepatic function and concurrently with agents that also undergo hepatic metabolism, ''e.g.'' [[Macrolides and Lincosamides|erythromycin]], [[Gastroprotective Drugs#Histamine (H2) Receptor Antagonists|cimetidine]]. Zolazepam is only available in a fixed combination with the dissociative anaesthetic [[Anaesthetics - Donkey#Ketamine and Tiletamine|tiletamine]].

These agents are '''highly protein-bound''' and should be used with care in hypoalbuminemia and concomitantly with other highly protein-bound drugs. Benzodiazepines should also be used with caution in animals with impaired hepatic function and concurrently with agents that also undergo hepatic metabolism, ''e.g.'' [[Macrolides and Lincosamides|erythromycin]], [[Gastroprotective Drugs#Histamine (H2) Receptor Antagonists|cimetidine]]. Zolazepam is only available in a fixed combination with the dissociative anaesthetic [[Anaesthetics - Donkey#Ketamine and Tiletamine|tiletamine]].

==References==

==References==

|linkpage =Pharmacology - Donkey

|linkpage =Pharmacology - Donkey

|linktext =Pharmacology - Donkey

|linktext =Pharmacology - Donkey

|pagetype=Donkey

|pagetype=Donkey

}}

}}