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==The inflammatory response==
==The inflammatory response==
[[Image:Donkey picture.JPG|thumb|right|200px|<small><center>Image courtesy of [http://drupal.thedonkeysanctuary.org.uk The Donkey Sanctuary]</center></small>]]
The '''inflammatory response''' is a complex process that occurs '''following cellular injury'''. Cell membrane damage releases '''phospholipids''', which are converted rapidly, mainly '''by phospholipase A2 to arachidonic acid'''. The '''cyclo-oxygenase enzymes (predominantly COX2)''' convert arachidonic acid into '''prostaglandins and thromboxanes''', crucial mediators in the development of <u>inflammation, pain and fever</u>. Prostaglandins and thromboxanes are '''also produced constitutively (COX1)''' and serve numerous <u>homeostatic roles, including protection of the gastric mucosa and kidneys.</u>
The '''inflammatory response''' is a complex process that occurs '''following cellular injury'''. Cell membrane damage releases '''phospholipids''', which are converted rapidly, mainly '''by phospholipase A2 to arachidonic acid'''. The '''cyclo-oxygenase enzymes (predominantly COX2)''' convert arachidonic acid into '''prostaglandins and thromboxanes''', crucial mediators in the development of <u>inflammation, pain and fever</u>. Prostaglandins and thromboxanes are '''also produced constitutively (COX1)''' and serve numerous <u>homeostatic roles, including protection of the gastric mucosa and kidneys.</u>
Nearly all [[NSAIDs]] also potentially induce hepatic injury and this should be considered, particularly when these agents are administered concomitantly with other potentially hepatotoxic agents, such as the [[Potentiated-Sulphonamides|potentiated sulphonamides]]. [[NSAIDs]] should be used with '''particular care in aged animals''', particularly with '''pre-existing renal, cardiac or hepatic disease''', and in cases that are '''dehydrated, in shock or undergoing concurrent therapy with nephrotoxic drugs'''. Particular care is also required when [[NSAIDs]] are administered concurrently with other compounds that are also '''highly protein-bound''', ''e.g.'' the [[Sulphonamides|sulphonamides]].
Nearly all [[NSAIDs]] also potentially induce hepatic injury and this should be considered, particularly when these agents are administered concomitantly with other potentially hepatotoxic agents, such as the [[Potentiated-Sulphonamides|potentiated sulphonamides]]. [[NSAIDs]] should be used with '''particular care in aged animals''', particularly with '''pre-existing renal, cardiac or hepatic disease''', and in cases that are '''dehydrated, in shock or undergoing concurrent therapy with nephrotoxic drugs'''. Particular care is also required when [[NSAIDs]] are administered concurrently with other compounds that are also '''highly protein-bound''', ''e.g.'' the [[Sulphonamides|sulphonamides]].
==Literature Search==
[[File:CABI logo.jpg|left|90px]]
Use these links to find recent scientific publications via CAB Abstracts (log in required unless accessing from a subscribing organisation).
<br><br><br>
[http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=(((title:(%22non+steroidal%22)+OR+subject:(%22non+steroidal%22))+AND+(ab:(donkey)+OR+title:(donkey))))+OR+(((title:(analges*)+OR+subject:(analges*))+AND+(ab:(donkey)+OR+title:(donkey))))+OR+(((title:(nonsteroidal)+OR+subject:(nonsteroidal)+OR+title:(NSAID)+OR+subject:(NSAID))+AND+(ab:(donkey)+OR+title:(donkey)))) Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in donkeys related publications]
==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Donkey]]
[[Category:Donkey]]
[[Category:Pharmacology_-_Donkey]]