Changes

{{unfinished}}

{{review}}

==Kidneys==

==Kidneys==

==Uric Acid==

==Uric Acid==

'''Uric acid''' is the main form of nitrogenous waste with lesser amounts of ammonia and urea depending on the species, the natural environment and degree of water conservation required. Uric acid is excreted by tubular secretion rather than urea by glomerular filtration.

[[Uric acid|Uric acid]] is the main form of nitrogenous waste with lesser amounts of ammonia and urea depending on the species, the natural environment and degree of water conservation required. [[Uric acid|Uric acid]] is [[Lizard and Snake Excretion|excreted]] by tubular secretion rather than urea by glomerular filtration.

==Bladder==

==Bladder==

Most lizards have a urinary bladder where the urine may be modified. Urinalysis may therefore not indicate renal function. A thin-walled bladder is present in most lizards and helps water retention. When absent, urine is stored in the distal colon. It connects to the cloaca by a short urethra which means that urine waste flows from the kidney through the ureter into the urodeum of the cloaca before entering the bladder (or colon for species lacking a bladder), resulting in non-sterile urine, unlike mammals.  

Most lizards have a urinary bladder where the urine may be modified. Urinalysis may therefore not indicate renal function. A thin-walled bladder is present in most lizards and helps water retention. When absent, urine is stored in the distal colon. It connects to the cloaca by a short urethra which means that urine waste flows from the kidney through the ureter into the urodeum of the [[Cloaca|cloaca]] before entering the bladder (or colon for species lacking a bladder), resulting in non-sterile urine, unlike mammals.  

Reflux urine is concentrated.

Reflux urine is concentrated.

* Water deprivation and diets containing excessive levels of protein can cause [[Lizard Cystic Calculi|cystic calculi]].

* Water deprivation and diets containing excessive levels of protein can cause [[Lizard Cystic Calculi|cystic calculi]].

==References==

==References==