Difference between revisions of "Chocolate Poisoning-Dog"
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
| Line 15: | Line 15: | ||
*'''Gastrointestinal:''' diarrhoea, emesis, haematemesis, colic.<ref name="multiples">Tilley Smith'''The 5-Minute Veterinary Consult Canine and Feline''' (Third Edition), ''Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins''</ref>, <ref name="multiple">BSAVA Congress 2007 Scientific Proceedings p253-254</ref> | *'''Gastrointestinal:''' diarrhoea, emesis, haematemesis, colic.<ref name="multiples">Tilley Smith'''The 5-Minute Veterinary Consult Canine and Feline''' (Third Edition), ''Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins''</ref>, <ref name="multiple">BSAVA Congress 2007 Scientific Proceedings p253-254</ref> | ||
*'''Cardiovascular:''' arrhythmias,infrequently bradycardia but usually tachycardia.<ref name="multiples">Tilley Smith'''The 5-Minute Veterinary Consult Canine and Feline''' (Second Edition), ''Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins''</ref>, <ref name="multiple">'''BSAVA Congress 2007 Scientific Proceedings''', p253-254</ref> | *'''Cardiovascular:''' arrhythmias,infrequently bradycardia but usually tachycardia.<ref name="multiples">Tilley Smith'''The 5-Minute Veterinary Consult Canine and Feline''' (Second Edition), ''Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins''</ref>, <ref name="multiple">'''BSAVA Congress 2007 Scientific Proceedings''', p253-254</ref> | ||
| − | * | + | *'''Urological:''' polydypsia and polyuria may also be present <ref name="multiples"> '''http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/211104.htm''', accessed on 02.10.2010 </ref> |
===Laboratory Tests=== | ===Laboratory Tests=== | ||
Diagnosis is usually on the basis of clinical signs and a known history of chocolate ingestion. The following laboratory tests are possible but not commonly used; | Diagnosis is usually on the basis of clinical signs and a known history of chocolate ingestion. The following laboratory tests are possible but not commonly used; | ||
* Detection of methylxanthines in bodily fluids such as plasma, urine and stomach contents <ref name="multiples">Tilley Smith'''The 5-Minute Veterinary Consult Canine and Feline''' (Third Edition), ''Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins''</ref>. | * Detection of methylxanthines in bodily fluids such as plasma, urine and stomach contents <ref name="multiples">Tilley Smith'''The 5-Minute Veterinary Consult Canine and Feline''' (Third Edition), ''Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins''</ref>. | ||
| − | * Blood Glucose: | + | * Blood Glucose: Hypoglycaemia as a consequence of hyperactivity. not seen consistently with chocolate poisoning <ref name="multiples">Tilley Smith'''The 5-Minute Veterinary Consult Canine and Feline''' (Third Edition), ''Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins''</ref>. |
| − | * Urinalysis: | + | * Urinalysis: Proteinuria, low specific gravity; not seen consistently with chocolate poisoning <ref name="multiples">Tilley Smith'''The 5-Minute Veterinary Consult Canine and Feline''' (Third Edition), ''Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins'' </ref>. |
===Pathology=== | ===Pathology=== | ||
The methylxanthines yield their effects through | The methylxanthines yield their effects through | ||
| − | *'''Antagonism of Adenosine Receptors:'''<ref name="multiple"> '''BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Emergency and Critical Care''' Second Edition, 2007</ref> | + | *'''Antagonism of Adenosine Receptors:'''<ref name="multiple"> '''BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Emergency and Critical Care''' Second Edition, 2007</ref> this antagonism results in stimulation of the central nervous system, vasoconstriction and increase in heart rate <ref name="multiples">Tilley Smith'''The 5-Minute Veterinary Consult Canine and Feline''' (Third Edition), ''Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins'' </ref> and also diureses <ref name=multiples> '''http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/211104.htm''', accessed on 04.10.2010 </ref> |
| − | *'''Inhibition of Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase:'''<ref name="multiple"> '''BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Emergency and Critical Care''' Second Edition,2007</ref> | + | *'''Inhibition of Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase:'''<ref name="multiple"> '''BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Emergency and Critical Care''' Second Edition,2007</ref> consequently there is an increase in cyclic AMP, which in turn leads to greater catecholamine release and its effects <ref name="multiples">Tilley Smith'''The 5-Minute Veterinary Consult Canine and Feline''' (Third Edition), ''Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins'' </ref>. |
| + | |||
==Treatment== | ==Treatment== | ||
==Prognosis== | ==Prognosis== | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
Revision as of 21:29, 4 November 2010
 |
This article is still under construction. |
Introduction
Toxicity is due to the presence of methylxanthines such as theobromine and caffeine in chocolate.[1]
Signalment
Dog that live indoors are more likely to have access to chocolate.[2]
Diagnosis
Clinical Signs
Chocolate poisoning results in CNS, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular and urological signs.[2], Cite error: Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag
- CNS: hyperexcitability, hyperactivity, ataxia initially can evolve into muscle tremors, clonic seizures and hyperthermia.[2], [1]
- Gastrointestinal: diarrhoea, emesis, haematemesis, colic.[2], [1]
- Cardiovascular: arrhythmias,infrequently bradycardia but usually tachycardia.[2], [1]
- Urological: polydypsia and polyuria may also be present [2]
Laboratory Tests
Diagnosis is usually on the basis of clinical signs and a known history of chocolate ingestion. The following laboratory tests are possible but not commonly used;
- Detection of methylxanthines in bodily fluids such as plasma, urine and stomach contents [2].
- Blood Glucose: Hypoglycaemia as a consequence of hyperactivity. not seen consistently with chocolate poisoning [2].
- Urinalysis: Proteinuria, low specific gravity; not seen consistently with chocolate poisoning [2].
Pathology
The methylxanthines yield their effects through
- Antagonism of Adenosine Receptors:[1] this antagonism results in stimulation of the central nervous system, vasoconstriction and increase in heart rate [2] and also diureses [2]
- Inhibition of Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase:[1] consequently there is an increase in cyclic AMP, which in turn leads to greater catecholamine release and its effects [2].
Treatment
Prognosis
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Emergency and Critical CareSecond Edition,2007 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "multiple" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "multiple" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "multiple" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "multiple" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "multiple" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 Tilley SmithThe 5-Minute Veterinary Consult Canine and Feline (Second Edition), Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "multiples" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "multiples" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "multiples" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "multiples" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "multiples" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "multiples" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "multiples" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "multiples" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "multiples" defined multiple times with different content