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[[Image:CC_bladderstone_layers.jpg|200px|thumb|right|'''Bladder stone cross section - note the concentric layers''' (© RVC and its licensors, Sean Bobbit, Sue Evans, Andrew Devare and Claire Moore. All rights reserved)]]

[[Image:CC_bladderstone_layers.jpg|200px|thumb|right|'''Bladder stone cross section - note the concentric layers''' (Copyright © RVC)]]

[[Image:CC_xray2.jpg|300px|thumb|right|'''Radiograph of a cystic calculus''' (© RVC and its licensors, Sean Bobbit, Sue Evans, Andrew Devare and Claire Moore. All rights reserved)]]

[[Image:CC_xray2.jpg|300px|thumb|right|'''Radiograph of a cystic calculus''' (Copyright © RVC)]]

 

==Introduction==

==Introduction==

The term ''urinary calculi'' refers to any macroscopic precipitates or polycrystalline concretions found anywhere in the urinary tract. When located in the bladder, the calculi are referred to as cystic calculi or 'bladder stones'.  

The term ''urinary calculi'' refers to any macroscopic precipitates or polycrystalline concretions found anywhere in the urinary tract. When located in the bladder, the calculi are referred to as cystic calculi or 'bladder stones'.  

Cystic calculi are commonly seen in lizards (green iguanas have an unusually high incidence) fed unbalanced diets (deficiencies in vitamins A and D and calcium; excess of dietary protein or oxalates) but dehydration and cystitis may be involved. A commonly associated disease is renal failure.

Cystic calculi are commonly seen in lizards ([[Green Iguana|green iguanas]] have an unusually high incidence) fed unbalanced diets (deficiencies in vitamins A and D and [[Calcium - Reptiles|calcium]]; excess of dietary protein or oxalates) but dehydration and cystitis may be involved. A commonly associated disease is renal failure.

This disease may have a multifactorial aetiology: nutritional deficiencies, bacterial infection, and suture remnants. The stones are usually urates since lizards, like most reptiles, are uricotelic.

This disease may have a multifactorial aetiology: nutritional deficiencies, bacterial infection, and suture remnants. The stones are usually urates since lizards, like most reptiles, are uricotelic.

As well as species-specific diet and husbandry, it is recommended to limit [[Uric acid|uric acid]] precursors. As [[Uric acid|uric acid]] is produced from all proteins (and not just the nuclear proteins as in mammals) it has been advised not to feed diets that are high in protein. It has also been advised to especially limit foods that are high in purines such as asparagus, mushrooms, offal, anchovies and sardines.

As well as species-specific diet and husbandry, it is recommended to limit [[Uric acid|uric acid]] precursors. As [[Uric acid|uric acid]] is produced from all proteins (and not just the nuclear proteins as in mammals) it has been advised not to feed diets that are high in protein. It has also been advised to especially limit foods that are high in purines such as asparagus, mushrooms, offal, anchovies and sardines.

[[Category:Lizard Urinary Diseases|C]]

[[Category:Lizard Urinary Diseases|C]]