Difference between revisions of "Chocolate Poisoning-Dog"
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==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
| − | Toxicity is due to the presence of methylxanthines such as theobromine and caffeine in chocolate.<ref name="multiple"> '''BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Emergency and Critical Care'''Second Edition,2007 </ref> | + | Toxicity is due to the presence of methylxanthines such as theobromine and caffeine in chocolate.<ref name="multiple"> '''BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Emergency and Critical Care'''Second Edition,2007 </ref>. The concentration of methylxanthines in chocolate differs between products. For example the average methylxanthine content of milk chocolate is 2mg/g, while that of baking chocolate is 16mg/g. <ref name=multiples> Tilley, Smith'''The 5-Minute Veterinary Consult Canine and Feline''' (Second Edition), ''Lippencott, Williams and Wilkins''</ref>. |
==Signalment== | ==Signalment== | ||
| − | Dog that live indoors are more likely to have access to chocolate.<ref name="multiples">Tilley Smith'''The 5-Minute Veterinary Consult Canine and Feline''' (Second Edition), ''Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins''</ref> | + | Dog that live indoors are more likely to have access to chocolate. Also puppies are at a greater risk of eating food that is not intended for their consumption <ref name="multiples">Tilley Smith'''The 5-Minute Veterinary Consult Canine and Feline''' (Second Edition), ''Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins''</ref>. |
| Line 28: | Line 28: | ||
The methylxanthines yield their effects through | The methylxanthines yield their effects through | ||
*'''Antagonism of Adenosine Receptors:'''<ref name="multiples"> '''BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Emergency and Critical Care''' Second Edition, 2007</ref> this antagonism results in stimulation of the central nervous system, vasoconstriction and increase in heart rate <ref name="multiples">Tilley Smith'''The 5-Minute Veterinary Consult Canine and Feline''' (Third Edition), ''Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins'' </ref> and also diureses <ref name=multiples> '''http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/211104.htm''', accessed on 04.10.2010 </ref> | *'''Antagonism of Adenosine Receptors:'''<ref name="multiples"> '''BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Emergency and Critical Care''' Second Edition, 2007</ref> this antagonism results in stimulation of the central nervous system, vasoconstriction and increase in heart rate <ref name="multiples">Tilley Smith'''The 5-Minute Veterinary Consult Canine and Feline''' (Third Edition), ''Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins'' </ref> and also diureses <ref name=multiples> '''http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/211104.htm''', accessed on 04.10.2010 </ref> | ||
| − | *'''Inhibition of Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase:'''<ref name="multiple"> '''BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Emergency and Critical Care''' Second Edition,2007</ref> consequently there is an increase in cyclic AMP, which in turn leads to greater catecholamine release and | + | *'''Inhibition of Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase:'''<ref name="multiple"> '''BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Emergency and Critical Care''' Second Edition,2007</ref> consequently there is an increase in cyclic AMP, which in turn leads to greater catecholamine release and their effects <ref name="multiples">Tilley Smith'''The 5-Minute Veterinary Consult Canine and Feline''' (Third Edition), ''Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins'' </ref>. |
*'''Modulation of Intracellular Calcium Concentrations:'''Enhanced uptake and decreased sequestration within the cell leads to amplification of intracellular calcium levels in cardiac and skeletal muscle, the net result of which is a positive inotropic effect on these muscles. <ref name=multiples> '''http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/211104.htm''', accessed on 04.10.2010 </ref>. | *'''Modulation of Intracellular Calcium Concentrations:'''Enhanced uptake and decreased sequestration within the cell leads to amplification of intracellular calcium levels in cardiac and skeletal muscle, the net result of which is a positive inotropic effect on these muscles. <ref name=multiples> '''http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/211104.htm''', accessed on 04.10.2010 </ref>. | ||
| − | Ventricular fibrillation, and other cardiac dysrhythmias are most frequently the ultimate cause of death.<ref> Carson TL (2006) Methylxanthines. In: ''Small Animal Toxicology'', ed. | + | Ventricular fibrillation, and other cardiac dysrhythmias are most frequently the ultimate cause of death.<ref> Carson TL (2006) Methylxanthines. In: ''Small Animal Toxicology'', ed. ME Peterson, PA Talcott, pp.845-852. Elsevier Saunders, St. Louis in '''BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Emergency Care''' Second Edition,2007 </ref>, <ref> Holmgren P, Norden-Petterson L and Ahlner J (2004)Caffeine fatalaties: four case reports. ''Forensic Science International'' '''139''', 71-73 '''BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Emergency Care''' Second Edition,2007 </ref> |
==Treatment== | ==Treatment== | ||
Revision as of 17:23, 7 November 2010
 |
This article is still under construction. |
Introduction
Toxicity is due to the presence of methylxanthines such as theobromine and caffeine in chocolate.[1]. The concentration of methylxanthines in chocolate differs between products. For example the average methylxanthine content of milk chocolate is 2mg/g, while that of baking chocolate is 16mg/g. [2].
Signalment
Dog that live indoors are more likely to have access to chocolate. Also puppies are at a greater risk of eating food that is not intended for their consumption [2].
Diagnosis
Clinical Signs
Chocolate poisoning results in CNS, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular and urological signs.[2], Cite error: Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag
- CNS: hyperexcitability, hyperactivity, ataxia initially can evolve into muscle tremors, clonic seizures and hyperthermia.[2], [1]
- Gastrointestinal: diarrhoea, emesis, haematemesis, colic.[2], [1]
- Cardiovascular: arrhythmias,infrequently bradycardia but usually tachycardia.[2], [1]
- Urological: polydypsia and polyuria may also be present [2]
Laboratory Tests
Diagnosis is usually on the basis of clinical signs and a known history of chocolate ingestion. The following laboratory tests are possible but not commonly used;
- Detection of methylxanthines in bodily fluids such as plasma, urine and stomach contents [2].
- Blood Glucose: Hypoglycaemia as a consequence of hyperactivity. not seen consistently with chocolate poisoning [2].
- Urinalysis: Proteinuria, low specific gravity; not seen consistently with chocolate poisoning [2].
Other
- ECG: rate and rhythm abnormalities
Pathology
The methylxanthines yield their effects through
- Antagonism of Adenosine Receptors:[2] this antagonism results in stimulation of the central nervous system, vasoconstriction and increase in heart rate [2] and also diureses [2]
- Inhibition of Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase:[1] consequently there is an increase in cyclic AMP, which in turn leads to greater catecholamine release and their effects [2].
- Modulation of Intracellular Calcium Concentrations:Enhanced uptake and decreased sequestration within the cell leads to amplification of intracellular calcium levels in cardiac and skeletal muscle, the net result of which is a positive inotropic effect on these muscles. [2].
Ventricular fibrillation, and other cardiac dysrhythmias are most frequently the ultimate cause of death.[3], [4]
Treatment
- Inital stabilisation of Cardiorespiratory System:
- Tachycardia: beta-blocker
- Premature Ventricluar Contractions:
Prognosis
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Emergency and Critical CareSecond Edition,2007 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "multiple" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "multiple" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "multiple" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "multiple" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 Tilley, SmithThe 5-Minute Veterinary Consult Canine and Feline (Second Edition), Lippencott, Williams and Wilkins Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "multiples" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "multiples" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "multiples" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "multiples" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "multiples" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "multiples" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "multiples" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "multiples" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "multiples" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "multiples" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "multiples" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "multiples" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "multiples" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "multiples" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Carson TL (2006) Methylxanthines. In: Small Animal Toxicology, ed. ME Peterson, PA Talcott, pp.845-852. Elsevier Saunders, St. Louis in BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Emergency Care Second Edition,2007
- ↑ Holmgren P, Norden-Petterson L and Ahlner J (2004)Caffeine fatalaties: four case reports. Forensic Science International 139, 71-73 BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Emergency Care Second Edition,2007